How to Find 141 and More Essay Samples For Your Paper

<h1>How to Find 141 and More Essay Samples For Your Paper</h1><p>Writing a 151 article is no simple undertaking and you should use however many 141-and-more exposition tests as would be prudent. This gives you a superior vibe for what the normal peruser searches for in a decent exposition. You have to remember that since you think the example is acceptable doesn't imply that your peruser will agree.</p><p></p><p>It is critical to get that while a standard paper test will assist you with composing your exposition well, it won't really be the one that you compose. Every peruser has their own suppositions and thoughts. Subsequently, you ought not feel like you are being given a format in which to fabricate your essay.</p><p></p><p>There are numerous acceptable papers that contain these examples and this is the reason you have to take a stab at attempting to locate the correct one for you. Ensure that you attempt them all to see which ones you like the best. At that point you can work in reverse to utilize this information in your writing.</p><p></p><p>There are a few unique approaches to search for article tests. You can ask your educators, schoolmates, or teachers for recommendations. In the event that they have done some examination, at that point you should approach them for their supposition. They can likewise help you by mentioning to you what sort of author they feel you are.</p><p></p><p>There are additionally sites that offer you the opportunity to download some free expositions and different kinds of composing devices. These papers tests can be utilized to work on composing just as to realize what you have to know before taking the ACT test. Actually, they are an extraordinary asset to help with different sorts of paper composing as well.</p><p></p><p>The next approach to discover test expositions is to look on the web. You can do this via scanning for the words 'online sample'sample' in Google and afterward composing it into the web index. You will discover a lot of sites offering you exposition samples.</p><p></p><p>Finally, there are a couple of wellsprings of composing assets that offer instances of paper tests. These are normally programs that you can buy or download requiring little to no effort. A couple of these projects are Cd, PC streak, and mp3. In the event that you would prefer to get them rather than download them, you can get them from Amazon.</p><p></p><p>Writing a paper ought to be a pleasant action yet when you consider the challenges of picking the best exposition tests, it can get exceptionally baffling. With such a large number of alternatives, you will need to begin inquiring about with the expectation of complimentary paper tests right away.</p>

Argumentative Essay Topics For Smartphones

Argumentative Essay Topics For SmartphonesArgumentative essay topics for smartphones include Internet-based news, economics, health and the environment, laws and history, government, religion, and politics. The Internet has played a major role in many of these topics with the economic crisis impacting many of the issues that are on today's phone screen.Arguments are increasingly being discussed on a smartphone with a simple swipe from a finger on the screen of a cell phone. The Internet makes it easy to generate articles that may appeal to individuals online as well as those offline. Simply use the phone to search for information related to the topic of your argument and then access the content on the Internet.While the Internet is the most popular method of finding information, many articles are still generated offline. Locating the articles online is a good way to start your research, but make sure you have an idea of the amount of information required to support your argument. Whe n you find an article online with that information, the next step is to utilize an online database to find additional resources. With all of the free resources, there are many other sites and programs available online to help students find more information.One of the most popular argumentative essay topics for smartphones is the connection between medicine and health. Students are looking for information that will demonstrate the relationship between obesity and bad health, the roles of the media and changes in eating habits, and the concerns surrounding the health of children, all while weighing the value of global warming.The articles addressing these topics can easily be found on the Internet with the links provided within the articles themselves. Internet databases offer articles ranging from the short to the longer length of the discussion and can be accessed from several sites and available on several websites for quick references.Every year, students around the world are face d with healthcare questions with some looking at the risk of getting adisease and others seeing the many benefits of modern medicine. Every college student will have these questions and many will begin with an interest in the concept of global warming, which may include an interest in the connection between cell phones and global warming. These two topics can provide great sources of articles with plenty of facts and information to support a viewpoint.Many people worry about the safety issues that come with cell phones and argue that many believe that the issue of whether or not there is a connection between cell phones and global warming is more of a philosophical one. The challenge is how to gather facts that can support the argument. This is where websites like Free Empire provide ample information to discuss the issue in an organized manner.The topics and arguments regarding global warming and health provide all the resources that students may need to support their arguments and strengthen their knowledge base on these topics. As more research is done and available online, students will soon see that arguments based on smartphones may be the best way to go to get students thinking and researching.

Research Paper Topics in Computer Science

Research Paper Topics in Computer ScienceWhen choosing computer science research papers, you need to keep a few things in mind. This article will explain a few of the most common research paper topics in computer science and give you some ideas for those that interest you the most.The first topic is probably the most familiar to most people: what we call 'basic computer'. Basic computer is an overview of the basics of computer hardware and software, including basic operating systems, binary files, internet access, and so on.Many people are able to complete this research in the course of a couple of weeks, especially if they are learning to program the basic computers. However, as a writer, you should look for a research paper topic that is more in depth. An internet technical book is a good source for such a topic.Some other research paper topics for your research can include programming languages, hardware design, and computer graphics. What you choose for these will largely depend on what type of technology you have been studying previously. If you have never looked at computers before and never been exposed to a software program before, you may want to start with programming languages and the instruction set (such as C, or assembler) instead of graphics or hardware design. If you are familiar with hardware and programming, you may consider looking at graphics and hardware design first.Another list of research paper topics in computer science includes databases, such as SQL databases, and C/C++ programmers. As you learn more about database programs, you may want to consider how you can learn more. There are many online books available to help you learn.For computer science research paper topics you are considering, one of the most important things is that you find the best professor to give you. Youneed to be sure that you are paying for the right professor to write a good research paper for you.You should also make sure that you are paying for the right kind of professor. Make sure that you are hiring a student, a current graduate student, or a professor who has been in the same field as you have been for some time.There are many other research paper topics for computer science, all of which are good and all of which are important. Do not worry too much about picking your research paper topics; instead, just enjoy the process of researching for one and writing your research paper. Your research paper topics are important, but after all, you are writing an educational paper.

Who Is Misleading Us About Essay Samples and Descriptions?

Who Is Misleading Us About Essay Samples and Descriptions? It is possible to also read your essay to other individuals to obtain their feedback. Our writers try their very best to think of interesting thoughts and share them with you. They always produce unique content which is free from all grammatical error. As all our writers are gurus in academic writing, you can come across essays on several different descriptive essay topics that will assist in your case. By this time, you probably get the notion that the style choice for your descriptive essay is really open. For beginner writers it's tough to think of the proper academic tone and fashion. Bridget's essay is extremely strong, but there continue to be a couple little things that could be made better. The trick to writing an excellent effectiveA essay is to get the passion to write it. The coming of the essay has to be in the current tense and reveal what things to expect in the remainder of the post. Following your conclusion, you should earn a review of your essay by proofreading. Stephen's essay is rather effective. Reflective essays serve only 1 purpose to reveal your capacity to logically reflect on a specific issue. The structure of such essay is dependent upon the topic. Narrative Essays If you're not quite certain what a certain kind of essay is, just look during its name. For you to develop an excellent descriptive essay, you should learn how to encrypt a great thesis statement. The main issue to be mindful about in personal descriptive essay is that there shouldn't be any over-exaggeration. Job interviews are utilised to choose the candidates for the job. Description lets us show as opposed to tell. Job descriptions for the company proved originally written by means of a consultant about eight years back. When you may read a descriptive essay sample, you are able to learn from the very best. Finding out how to compose an essay introduction may appear the ideal start for virtually any student who is fighting with his academic endeavor. At high school you must understand how to compose a descriptive essay. Synthesis essays are about the masterful handling of at least two sources to strengthen your thesis. Essay writing comes in various forms. Quick Tips for Writing Your Descriptive Essay Writing a descriptive essay may be rich and fulfilling experience, but nevertheless, it may also feel a little complicated. Furthermore, it is possible to also take a look at our Argumentative Essay templates. Descriptive Narrative Essay Example may be used mainly to recreate a function. Descriptive essays about a place are common because when referring to a particular place it is normal to attempt to make an experience for your reader. Popular topics incorporate an individual or a place, an experience or memory and a lot more! Sometimes you do your best and even then you're not able to score well in your home tasks. Quite simply, applying Job descriptions in the present work environment is outdated. Seamlessly applying the new complex vocabulary learned in the present level is the correct method of exercising language abilities. You don't have to fret about your personal details that may be viewed, as we handle the matter on a safe network.

Manage Finance - 2083 Words

ASSESSMENT 1: STRUCTURED ACTIVITES Activity 1 Objective To provide you with an opportunity to identify and interpret the range of financial information and reports required for the organization to monitor business performance. Activity Answer the following questions, giving as much detail/explanation as you can to support your answer: (a.) What reports are used at your company to monitor business performance? At the restaurant where I work at, a few different types of reports are used to monitor the business performance such as: account summaries and balances, balance sheets, bank statements, banking summaries and business activity statements. (b.) What are they used for? Financial reports are used to keep track of the†¦show more content†¦What are the benefits of this system? The benefits would be keeping track of the business operation and being able to fix issues or recognise successful employees. What are the drawbacks of this system? The drawback of this system is the time to provide the information. Staff would have to stay long at the end of the day to write the daily report, which means cost for the business. Plus the time to analyse the financial reports by a specialist. Activity 5 Objective To understand how to allocate funds according to budget and agreed priorities. Activity Describe3 points that are discussed/are important when considering the functioning of budgets: 1. Clear authority, responsibility, and accountability 2. Establishment of priorities 3. Collaborative, consultative decisions In essence, explain what a budget is and what it tells us? A budget is an itemized summary of likely income and expenses for a given period. It helps you determine whether you can grab that bite to eat or should head home for a bowl of soup. It is typically created using a spreadsheet, and it provides a concrete, organized, and easily understood breakdown of how much money you have coming in and how much you are letting go. It is an invaluable tool to help you prioritize your spending and manage your money—no matter how much or how little you have. Large establishments will have severalShow MoreRelatedManage Finances with a Budget663 Words   |  3 PagesManage Finances Within A Budget Submitted by: Nico Antonio A. Serafin Submitted to: Ma’am Lorejen Salise Based on the variance/diversion report of the TAFE Island Holiday Resort, me and my business partner have interpreted the figures listed in the report and have offered remedies to improve their budget performance. 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Key activities of the finance department: Firstly, one of the key activities of the finance department is to maintain a check on the costs/outgoingsRead MoreManage finance within own area of responsibility in health and social care or children and young people’s settings5025 Words   |  21 PagesLM1c – Lead and manage a team within a health and social care or children and young people’s setting The difference between Managing and Leading Stephen R. Covey’s The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People: described the difference between management and leadership as â€Å"Management is efficiency in climbing the ladder of success; leadership determines whether the ladder is leaning against the right wall.† The differences can be seen as:- ï‚ § Managers develop policies and procedures. Leaders developRead MoreThe Major Sub Areas Of Finance1156 Words   |  5 Pages1. Define the terms finance and financial management, and identify the major sub-areas of finance. 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Importance of Satellites in Maritime Domain free essay sample

The launch of Sputnik satellite by USSR on 4th October 1957, was the start of space age. More than 4500 objects have been launched beyond the earth’s atmosphere in the 54 years and about 1100 are actively orbiting. This reflects the realities of the era where information dominance has become synonymous with power. Forces on land, sea and air, missile launches, detection of radars, direction of weapons after launch can be detected by satellites-spies in the sky. These satellites can provide information to navigate with accuracy, to communicate with certainty, to strike with precision and to see the battlefield with clarity. Presently, space has become an integral component of any military planning and satellites are used for force enhancement in form of surveillance, reconnaissance, communications, navigation, missile warning. 2. Due to emerging and diversified nature of maritime warfare, maritime operations conducted on, under, or over the sea are becoming technologically and operationally challenging day after day. Maritime security has become a hot issue of the world for the past two decades. Navies from all over the world are trying to find methods and apply strategies that will enforce passive or sometimes active measures, in order to ensure maritime safety in both territorial and international waters. Vigilance is a priority, especially when the sea lines of communication (SLOC) are the ways where our adversary and terrorists use in their own interests. In this complex maritime warfare, it is pivotal to continuously maintain recognized maritime picture (RMP) using all available resources. 3. The Indian Ocean has always been the hub of International power politics due to its strategic location, inherent rich natural resources and vital trade routes. We have witnessed that the Indian Ocean in general and Arabian Sea in particular has become the theatre for the power struggle in the 21st century. PN participation in Maritime Interdiction Operations, Counter Piracy deployment, and recent terrorist attacks on PN personnel and assets has further enhanced our reasonability to be more vigilant and maintain a maritime situational awareness in the Area of Responsibility (AOR). To aintain maritime situational awareness in maritime warfare, satellite technology is being used effectively by various countries of the world including India for civilian and military purposes. IMPORTANCE OF SATELLITES Space is a domain, like air, land and sea and it has become a critical part in every other battlefield. The experiments have begun in the space domain due to the fact that space is by far the most efficient area to apply new technologies that need to be shared worldwide through operation centers. The quest for dominance of ultimate high group, the space, is no more restricted to global powers. In strategic terms, it is now equally relevant to regional players. Freedom to access space or space based system is analogous to freedom at sea. If a country cannot dominate space, its naval-based systems will have little relevance in defending its territorial integrity and freedom. Space programmes can be used for both civilian and military purposes. Orbital imagers and communications satellites are prime examples of dual-use technologies. Present day satellites are capable of providing resolution of less than 10 cm i. e. the satellites are able to differentiate between the objects which are 10 cm apart. Satellites serve as a tool for acquiring vital information in diverse fields of interest like communications, weather forecasting, television broadcasting, navigation, reconnaissance and for searching new resources on earth. Satellites are also extensively used to detect and record radio and radar transmissions while over foreign territory enabling location of missile defence radar systems and deduction of their performance/characteristics. It is prudent to mention that there are at least four types of satellites which are very important to Maritime warfare. TYPES OF SATELLITES AND LATEST ADVANCEMENTS IN SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY They are as follows: a. Military Communications satellites b. Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites c. Radio Intercept satellites Electronic Eavesdropping d. Surveillance satellites Spies in the sky MILITARY COMMUNICATION SATELLITES During the Iraq war in 2003, more than 80% of the communications used by the Allied forces were carried out by communication satellites. The technology of satellites made it possible for a war in Asia to be directed from thousands of kilometers away. Ships far out at sea provided support in the form of planes, cruise missiles, helicopters, and personnel. Satellites provided secure and reliable communications and made it possible to coordinate various operations conducted by these widely scattered forces. GPS SATELLITES Satellites can be used for targeting. Missiles, shells and bombs all are now outfitted with GPS receivers enabling them to steer a precise course to a predefined target. GPS satellites have made it possible in first Gulf war to drop a single bomb instead of 10 bombs which were previously required on a average to destroy a target with a consequential reduction in collateral damage. RADIO INTERCEPT SATELLITES-ELECTRONIC EAVESDROPPING The use of specialized satellites to eavesdrop on radio communications (COMMINT) and to analyse radar and other military singals (SIGNIT) is still shrouded in secrecy. Location of wanted person can be obtained via satellites nowadays. SURVEILLANCE SATELLITES – SPIES IN THE SKY Satellites fly across the sky unimpeded by borders. Surveillance satellites carrying cameras with long telescope attached explicitly seeking military information are called spy satellites. If they have a suitable radio receiver they can listen in as well to whatever radio signals are being transmitted below, and this sort of satellite usually has a military objective. Modern spy satellites take pictures at a distance of 250 km or more through a telescope. It takes images automatically to a predetermined schedule. The images may be radioed to ground immediately subjected that friendly ground station is within the sight of the satellite. Spy satellites are made to ‘see it all, see it well and see it now’. See it all meant wide area coverage, see it well meant high resolution and see it now meant a system that got the images to the photo-interpreter in minutes not days. Present day spy satellites resolve objects on the earth’s surface of about 10 cm (4 inches) in size from an altitude of 250 Km. During the Cold War, the main role of spy satellites was strategic, now the priority of spy satellites gradually changes from strategic to tactical. The tactical requirements of forces engaged in regional wars are much more immediate and explicit. The modern way to address those requirements is to use unmanned aircraft (UAV). Spy satellites remain the only way to get information deep inside another country without the permission of its government and without creating a diplomatic incident. They can detect large-scale troop movements, and thus act as a trip wire to alert neighboring governments to impeding attack. The advance warning given by satellite images allows time for diplomatic initiatives to prevent war or at worst to allow the adversary to prepare its forces to defend against the massing troops. Surveillance satellites reduce the occurrence of military false alarms, and they provide the factor of time that eliminates hair-trigger control of weapons of mass destruction. India-Pakistan, Israel-Arab, Iraq-Iran, North and South Korea, China-Taiwan are some of the flash points that could easily escalate into a regional or even world conflict. Surveillance satellites play an important role in keeping these flash points from blowing up into major confrontations. Most of the countries with a nuclear force also have spy satellites. These satellites allow them to avoid the hair trigger approach to nuclear weapon control, and rely to a great extent instead on unambiguous information about the deployment of its adversary’s forces, both conventional and nuclear. INDIAN SATELLITE AMBITIONS The early 21st century saw India strike out in new directions. Although India’s first satellite, Aryabhata, was launched in 1980. Indian space ambitions grew at such a pace that the country was able to challenge both its Asian rivals, China and Japan, with a lunar program. India at last achieved the vision outlined in the 1960s of not only building its own geosynchronous communication satellites, but launching them itsels through a new powerful launcher, the GSLV, making it fully slefsufficient in its space technology. This paved the way for India to send its own astronauts into space, making it one of the space superpowers and an Asian challenge to China. India ranks fifth in the realm of spy satellite after US, Russia, France and China. Although countries like UK, Germany and Japan have orbiting satellites, out of these a few of them are spy satellites but for intelligence and reconnaissance they depend on the United States. Despite limited resources, India has and is continuing to develop a broad based space programme with indigenous launch vehicles, satellites, control facilities and data processing. Since its first satellite was orbited by the USSR in 1975 and its first domestic space launch was conducted in 1980, India has become a true space country. Present generation Indian remote sensing and communication satellites are comparable to many space systems produced by USA, Russia or France. The Indian Space Research Organisation was founded in 1969 and is currently under the department of space. The activities related to satellites, launch vehicles and applications are carried out at numerous centres throughout the country. The Indian satellite programme spans over a wide range of activities from communication to remote sensing satellites, it is the remote sensing satellite capability equipped with high resolution space based imagery that will be deliberated upon during this seminars. Over the last three decades, India has achieved an enviable progress in the space systems. The space programme has become largely self-reliant with capability to design and build its own satellites for providing space services. Salient of the Space programme will be covered shortly to understand their implications on Pakistan. INDIAN SATELLITE CAPABILITY India invested heavily in satellite technology and had launched its first satellite named Aryabhata on 19 April 1975 and it worked until April 1980. India’s second satellite, Bhaskhara 1, launched on 7 June 1979 and carried two low-resolution television cameras with a resolution of 1km. Bhaskhara 2 was launched in June 1981 into the orbit and burned up on 30 Nov 1991. Both the satellites were constructed by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. The Indian space research includes two agencies, Indian National Satellite (INSAT) and the Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) Satellites. First the INSAT. This includes: a. INSAT-I . INSAT-1 provided geostationary platforms for simultaneous domestic communications and earth observation functions. The INSAT-1 system is a multi-purpose satellite, including telecommunication and television broadcasts. In addition it also provides a detailed weather and disaster-warning service. b. INSAT 2 Series. These were indigenously produced and later versions were planned to be carried by Indias own GSLV launcher. It has a Very High Resolution Radiometer (VHRR) with imaging in Visible, Thermal Infrared and Water Vapour channels. A Charge Coupled Device (CCD) camera provides 11 km ground resolution in the Visible, near Infrared and Shortwave Infrared bands. INSAT 3 SERIES c. INSAT-3AThis multipurpose satellite was launched in April 2003. The payload, besides many other accessories for communication purposes, houses VHRR, a CCD camera and a Satellite Aided Search and Rescue (SASR) system which acts as a relay for signals from distress beacons in sea, air or land. e. INSAT-3BLaunched in March 2000, it incorporates a Mobile Satellite Services (MSS) payload with forward link between the hub and mobile station. f. INSAT-3C Launched in January 2002, INSAT-3C payloads include 24 Normal C-band transponders and an MSS payload similar to that on INSAT-3B. g. INSAT-3E Launched in September 2003, it carries a communication payload. h. KALPANA-1It is an exclusive meteorological satellite launched by PSLV in September 2002. It carries VHRR and DRT payloads to provide meteorological services. j. INSAT-4ALaunched in December 2005 by the European Ariane launch vehicle, it provides a coverage polygon with footprint covering Indian main land with expanded radiation patterns encompassing Indian geographical boundary, area beyond India in southeast and northwest regions. k. INSAT-4CR The GSLV-F04 housing the 4CR was launched successfully on 2nd September 2007. It is the largest satellite launched by an Indian launcher so far and houses state of the art gadgetry for communication and surveillance. l. GSAT-2Launched in May 2003, GSAT-2 carries four Normal C-band, two Ku-band transponders and an MSS payload similar to those on INSAT-3B. m. EDUSAT Configured for audio-visual medium employing digital interactive classroom lessons and multimedia content, EDUSAT was launched in September 2004 and designed to cater for educational requirements. n. HAMSAT Launched in May 2005, HAMSAT is an application-specific micro-satellite designed to provide satellite based Radio Amateur Services. SATELLITE NAVIGATION The Indian Government approved the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), consisting of a seven satellite constellation – three in Geo Stationary Orbit (GSO) and four in Near-GSO. IRNSS management structure for system implementation has been established and detailed system definition work has begun. IRNSS is expected to provide position accuracies comparable to the declared position accuracies by other global constellations in a region centred over India and extending to adjoining areas. MASTER CONTROL FACILITY (MCF) MCF provides ‘in orbit operation’ of geostationary satellites. 7 are controlled from MCF Hassan and two from MCF Bhopal. MCF Hassan has an integrated facility consisting of seven satellite control earth stations. MCF, Bhopal, is configured with 11 m diameter full motion antenna and three 7. 2 m diameter limited motion antenna. IRS INDIAN REMOTE SENSING SATELLITE The IRS is Indias first domestic dedicated earth resources satellite program and an element of the national natural resource management system. IRS is an Indian program to develop an indigenous capability to image earth, the Indian Ocean region in general and Pakistan and India in particular. Its mission is ground water exploration, land use, forest flood mapping. The IRS series includes IRS 1 and IRS P series. First IRS 1 series:- a. IRS-1A Launched on 17 march 1988, it is used for monitoring land and sea resources. It has a resolution of 36 m with a revisit time of 11 days. b. IRS-1B It was launched on 29 August 1991. It is also used for monitoring land and sea resources. Its capabilities are similar to IRS-1A. c. IRS-1C It was launched on 28 December 1995. Excellent for large-area monitoring, its ground resolution is 10 m with a revisit time of 6 days. d. IRS-1D Launched in September 1997, IRS-1D using the PSLV was placed in an elliptical orbit, instead of a circular orbit. It is being used to map and monitor calamities. Its ground resolution is 5. 8 m with a revisit time of 5 days. e. IRS-1ELaunched on 20 September 1993, it was the first Indian indigenous effort to place any satellite in sun-synchronous orbital. This mission was a failure. f. IRS-P2 It was launched on 15 October 1994. It is used to complement IRS series and oceanography. g. IRS-P3 IRS-P3 was launched on 21 march 1996. This was the third test launch of the PSLV. Its ground resolution is 188 m. h. IRS-P4 Also known as OCEANSAT-1, it was launched successfully on 26 May 1999 for gathering information related to water vapour and conducting fisheries survey and development of a fisheries forecast model. Its ground resolution is 188 m. g. IRS-P5. Also known as the CARTOSAT, it was launched on 22 Oct 2001. It is intended for cartographic applications and is reported to have a pan camera with a resolution of 1 2. 5 meters. It has a revisit time of 5 days. h. IRS-P6 It was launched in October 2003. Also known as the RESOURCESAT-1, the IRS-P6, is reported to have a high resolution multi-spectral camera with 5. m resolution. j. IRS-P7 The eleventh in the IRS series known as CARTOSAT-1. It was launched on 5th May 2005. It is for cartographic purposes provided with 2 panchromatic cameras with 2. 5 m resolution. It would take one year (125 data days) to map our country with an average 14 orbits per day. This image shows the first picture taken by cartosat-1 and presented to the president of India. k. Technology Experiment Satellite (TES) Launched in Oct 01, TES demonstrates and validate technologies that could be used in the future cartographic atellite missions. This includes phased array antenna, improved satellite positioning system and two-mirror-on-axis camera optics. TES also carries a panchromatic camera with a spatial resolution of 1 m. l. CARTOSAT-2 Launched by PSLV-C7 on January 10, 2007, CARTOSAT-2 is an advanced remote sensing satellite carrying a panchromatic camera capable of providing scene specific spot imageries. This camera is designed to provide imageries with one meter spatial resolution and a swath of 10 km. The satellite is configured for multi-scene imaging capability. Another remarkable achievement by the Indian Space program is that it has attained the ability to launch satellites using its own space launching vehicles. INDIAN SPACE LAUNCH VEHICLES India has created an impressive space capability without vast funding or detailed foreign assistance. It has a range of launch vehicles able to place surveillance satellites into relatively low orbit and communications satellites into geostationary orbit. From 1972 to 1980, the Indian satellites were placed in the orbit by using soviet boosters, however, from eighties onwards, Indians concentrated on the development of launcher and propulsion units. In early eighties, Indians developed indigenous SLVs which could carry a small satellite weighing around 40 kgs. During late eighties Indians developed augmented space launched Vehicles or ASLVs capable of carrying around 150 kgs. ASLVs were used till 1994. India developed Polar SLVs during the mid nineties providing the capability of launching satellites into the sun synchronous orbits. Indians are now developing geo-synchronous SLVs. So far India has launched 03 GSLV series rockets. FUTURE INDIAN SPACE PROGRAMME India is poised to become the next space power of the world after America, Russia and China. New space launching sites and other ground facilities will be created during the next two decades. There are calls in India to prepare an affordable long-term plan to build space-based surveillance assets, theatre surveillance with unmanned air vehicles, stand-off plat-forms, precision guidance systems, and anti-missile defenses. 16. By year 2011, India plans to develop a space weapons for intercepting hostile satellites. It also envisions to create or modified missile defense systems to intercept satellites. India is also developing a â€Å"Kinetic Attack Loitering Interceptor† acronym â€Å"kali† based on civilian micro satellite technology. It’s a free lance satellite which could be used to collide with target satellites. In field of offensive satellite weapons, India is also working on laser technologies for military applications since the mid-1990s. India is interested in directed energy weapons and space-based lasers, and reportedly DRDO has allocated funds for this project. India plans to launch its first manned spaceship between 2011-12. India plans to compete with foreign commercial clients in space technology. Indian booster rockets are considerably cheaper than US launchers. The service time of an average Indian satellite is twice as long as that of its Russian counterpart. Space capsule recovery experiment was intended for demonstrating the capability to recover an orbiting space capsule. The test was successfully completed on 22 Jan 07 under project SRE-1. Chandrayan Pritham, India’s first moon mission, reached on the Moon successfully on 22nd October 2008 and she became the sixth country to reach the Moon, after US, Russia, Japan, Europe and China. Indian Space officials began to put together a second lunar mission, called Chandrayan-2 and is tentatively planned in 2012. Chandrayan-3 has been planned in 2015. By the 21st century, at a time when Japan found that it had to restrict its space ambitions, India had, by contrast, developed the self-confidence to make further steps forward, mounting its first deep space mission, Chandrayan, to the Moon and then carrying out the steps preparatory to manned flight. GSLV fulfilled a 30-year vision of self sufficiency in space domain. IMPLICATIONS FOR IOR/PN Unlike India, Pakistan lacks its own surveillance satellites. Presently we obtain imagery from commercial sources, which in recent years has included images with resolutions of better than 1m. These sources of imagery are adequate in peacetime, but it remains to be if-in time of tension with India-Pakistan will compelled to orbit a spy satellite of its own. The civil cooperation sought from NASA and Russian Space Programme was secretly diverted towards military applications. CIA is on the record to put ISRO in sensitive technology proliferation list for smuggling of space rocket design and super computers for missile programme under the garb of civil space exploration. As discussed, many space-based and satellite systems are inherently dual-use technologies, with both civilian and military applications. Civil communications satellites used for info and PSYOPS can also be applied to military communications. The information provided by navigation and meteorological satellites can be used by the military commanders for planning manoeuvres. Indian satellite programme, though mainly proclaimed as civilian, carries enormous potential for military planners and has serious implications for Pakistan. Remote-imaging, earth observation and surveillance satellites are potentially the most important of these dual-use space systems. There are many features that may be considered in characterising the usefulness of a satellite imaging system – as satellite imagery is the matter of immediate concern. Of all the features two remains vitally important; revisit time and the resolution. Revisit time may be defined as the elapsed time after which a satellite would pass over a particular point. The discussion of resolution can become highly complex but put in simple words it may be defined as the minimum separation between two similar objects needed for an imaging system to distinguish the objects as two rather than one. At present there are five Indian remote sensing satellites orbiting the earth in a sun-synchronous orbit. However, IRS -1D can be pointed off the orbit, which allows two to four days revisits to specific sites. Satellite imagery with onboard cameras is limited to day time only. However, IR sensors and radar may al11so be used during the dark hours but these facilities need sophisticated technology and are non-existent on the Indian remote sensing satellites at present. As regard the resolution, the Indian satellites, IRS-1C, 1D, 2A Cartosat-1 (P-5) and Resourcesat-1 (P-6) are capable of sending down images of 5. metres resolution. Though the present capabilities with 5. 8 metres resolution and sun synchronous satellites in the orbit provide valuable intelligence information, it is the future capability which is dreaded the most as it will severely tilt the military balance in India’s favour by providing images of 1 metre resolution and all round coverage with the help of a geo -synchronous satellite placed over the Arabian Sea. It implies that without sending any surveillance aircraft or ship, Indian Navy would be able to monitor with impunity every activity happening on the surface of north Arabian Sea. As apparent this would provide extremely valuable information to Indian navy and would at the same time severely degrade and limit the operating options that PN may otherwise have. Space has become the crucial theatre in which all future military conflicts would be decided. For the time being, India may not be able use weapons of destruction from space, although that day may well arrive sooner than expected, yet the information and the data necessary to conduct a major war on earth, now depends almost entirely on the satellites orbiting the planet. Use of such information for target acquisition during Kargil crisis, is a case in point. In addition India has the facilities of LAND Satellite of USA, SPOT satellite of France, COSMOS of Russia and OFEQ and EROS of Israel. The resolution of these satellites is considered to be sufficient for pinpointing strategic defence installations, natural or man-made obstacles, large missile sites, armour concentration, precise airfield locations and other built up areas. These satellites provide Indians with a better-centralized command and control over her military forces. The meteorological data received through these satellites has tremendous military applications for obvious reasons. Additionally mapping of the sub continent through these satellites would provide India with an accurate cartographic picture for the launching of its long-range ballistic missiles. In addition, following are the military purposes, which would conversely high light the implications for IOR in general and PN in particular are: a. India, with a series of spy satellites for continuous surveillance of Indian ocean / Pakistani territory, can detect any major mobilisation of troops and pin pointing ships in harbour or at sea. . India can map and find the depth of creeks and shallows in Arabian sea for future naval operation against Pakistan in sub-surface and amphibious domains. c. Indian satellites with EW and SIGINT pay load would be posing the greatest threat to Pakistan. It can effectively intercept and in future can jam the signal and radar transmissions, not to mention v ulnerability of our microwave and digital communications. d. India, in collaboration with US space agencies, may be able to detect submarines by blue/green lasers. e. India is able to carryout intelligence of all types of equipments and infrastructure especially relating to coastal defence, jetties and harbours for naval operations. f. India can pinpoint VAs and VPs which can be later used for strategic targeting. g. Ensuring continuous flow of information for updating the battlefield at various military Headquarters. h. To carryout Continuous monitoring of build up and movement of logistics. j. Provision of essential guidance data for missiles. k. India can carryout BDA (Battle Damage Assessments) for economy of efforts and further attacks planning. l. The missile attack by own submarines can be monitored thus providing some early warning to India. m. Improved command and control system will enhance performance of Indian armed forces. Resulting in increased coordination through network centric capabilities. OPTIONS AVAILABLE TO PAKISTAN/PN AND SATELLITE COUNTERMEASURES Satellites especially surveillance satellites had the greatest impact on human history of any form of space activity in the past 54 years. Satellites seem expensive but time has proven that they are the most cost-effective options for achieving objectives of communication, surveillance, weather forecasting etc. A small fleet of satellites is more effective than a similarly priced suite of ships, buoys, and weather stations. Keeping in view the fast pace of Indian satellite programme, here the panel would like to propose options in terms of long and short term measures. a. Option 1. As a long term measure indigenous satellite be launched at the earliest which would have following advantages: Advantages. (1)Speedy and reliable means of communication. (2)Security aspect is well covered as the satellite will be indigenously built. (3)Availability during war time. 4)Control of the satellite will be in our hands. b. Option 2. As a short term measure Pakistan should continue using the hired satellite services from other countries. However, this would have following disadvantages: Disadvantages. (1)High cost (2)Less secure as services may be security compromised. (3)Dependency on others. (4)Less assurance during war time. COUNTERMEASURES Countermeasures against satellites reconnaissance are fairly limited. Of the possible measures that could be used in the future, passive measures are immediately available and are not inherently provocative. The application of camouflage, concealment, and deception to hide military forces and to obstruct the overhead viewing of other strategic assets may provide some protection against satellite reconnaissance. Over land the camouflage may work to some extent but the options are further reduced once we talk of sea borne operations. A surface ship at sea can virtually do nothing to hide from the sharp eyes of an imagery satellite. The active countermeasures that are talked about these days are anti satellite weapons (ASAT), jamming or spoofing signal from satellites or the disruption of the ground stations. A satellite system typically involves a constellation of units in orbit; shooting down enough satellites to cripple a system becomes difficult by ASAT, even if such a system existed. ASAT weapons using Lasers or Kinetic devices could eliminate a satellite without producing much debris, but they have yet to be fielded. This option will also have several binding from international community. Jamming (the blocking of a transmitted signal by overpowering it with noise) and spoofing (the deliberate alteration or replacement of a signal with a false one) could be more readily available means of countering a satellite but each has limitations. Ground stations can be jammed, and the jamming might even be made to seem innocent interference. Preventing satellite signals from reaching ground stations or receivers is feasible, but effectiveness depends on the type of signal involved. It, however, implies that most of these techniques can only be effective if applied from a satellite system. A more subtle possibility is to spoof the telemetry, tracking, and control (TT C) signals from a ground station. These signals tell satellites when to turn on and off, when to conduct maintenance routines, and how to position themselves. A satellite system could be rendered inoperative by simply manipulating the TT C signals so as to instruct all satellites in a system to disable themselves. Commercial imagery and communication signals are more likely to be susceptible to jamming and spoofing, but not wholly. While not â€Å"frequency agile† in the military sense, they are able to shift frequencies and to some extent are spoof resistant. However, localised jamming of communications and imagery downloads might be possible if one knows where to jam. Simple deception can also lower the utility of commercial imagery. It can be made useless by effective camouflage, or smoke, or by moving activities underground; these traditional options are available to anyone wanting to avoid the gaze of an imagery satellite. The effectiveness of their application would vary from case to case and in any case these are relatively easy to apply over land than at sea. Disruption of ground stations could be the most effective means against a satellite system. The most straight forward way to disrupt ground stations is simply to destroy them. All satellite systems require some degree of control from the ground. It must , however, be kept in mind that destroying ground stations controlling satellite systems may not be an easy task in itself as they may be heavily defended and any such attempt is more likely to have other serious consequences. 39. GM every capability has a counter. So is the case in the Indian Satellite systems. Pakistan can apply measures to manipulate objects and terrain to partly conceal information to satellites. These counter measures can mainly be divided into active and passive counter measures. First of all active counter measures a. Active Counter MeasuresThese measures include application of ECMS and destruction of the satellites. Exercising this option demands the most formidable technological feat. This entails raising SUPARCO’s capabilities to having a self sufficient satellite launching capabilities, sensor technology and tracking system to identify space objects and their missions. The magnitude of resources and technological acumen needed for active counter measures is enormous and would entail extensive research and development programs to be undertaken. Destruction of the satellite is a costly option. However, if the ground based satellite command facilities, which either control the satellite or receives data from it are destroyed, it would render the satellite unusable. Strategic offensive strikes therefore should include such ground installations. b. Passive Counter MeasuresThese measures include manipulation of objects and terrain within our territory, without interfering in any way with the operation of satellites. Unfortunately these measures are not an assured towards negation of the satellite threat posed. Some of the possible passive counter measures include: I)Concealment Any activity, which involves men and material movement on ground can be detected with relative ease. Concealment of moving targets is difficult by artificial means. The fact that the whole territory is within the view of satellite has to be taken into account for planning movements. This can be achieved by dodging the satellite. Movement will go undetected, if it can be initiated and completed during the blind swath period over our territory. This technique involves exploitation of the satellite orbital characteristics. (2)Exploiting Sensor Limitationvarious types of sensors onboard a satellite have their own limitations. If we can ascertain the type of sensors installed in the satellite through various intelligence sources, limitations of these specific sensors can be exploited. For instance if a satellite is installed with monochromic (black and white picture with less resolution) camera, it can be effectively defeated by making use of ordinary camouflage techniques. (3)CamouflageWith the availability of sensors operating in ultra violet, visible, infrared and microwave frequencies and having techniques of information extraction based on the analysis of characteristics the conventional principles are not fully valid. Therefore conventional principles of camouflage must be augmented with emission absorbent techniques for effective concealment. A peculiar example in this case is shown on the next slide. This is a conventional barracuda camouflage net used over air defence sensors. The small metal rings distinguish this from other nets. These metal rings dissipate the EM waves spread over almost whole of the EM spectrum, hence enabling it to remain undetected. But perhaps no effective method exists to conceal strategic installation like harbors, permanent air bases, steel factories, oil refineries and other large industrial complexes. 4)DeceptionTo make detection difficult and time consuming, deception must be employed along with the camouflaging in a planned manner. Deception is the technique to make real objects appear unreal and dummies appear the real objects. Decoys or dummies of ships, aircraft, tanks, artillery, armored vehicles etc. should be placed in concentration or suitably dispersed and with partial camouflage to lend realism to the deception. 40. From the preceding discussion it can be appreciated that satellite reconnaissance and surveillance is unique in the sense that it cannot be completely defeated, fooled, or sabotaged. Overt and covert, anti-satellite measures are neither fully effective nor fully existent. Keeping in view these limitations the panel puts forth few recommendations in order to address this increasing menace which could prove decisive in any future conflict. a. Research and Development. Extensive efforts in the field of RD in order to improve the existing organization of SUPARCO should be undertaken in order to gain sufficient expertise in space based technologies. India is known to have inducted a large number of experts from former Soviet Union, Yogoslavia and Czech Republic. Pakistan can adopt a similar assistance package. b. As a passive countermeasure, planning of operations should be carried out with due cognizant to time and space being scanned by the enemy satellites. c. Camouflage and deception if planned carefully, reasonable chances exists of deceiving the satellites. Therefore a comprehensive plan should be chalked out and rehearsed periodically. d. SUPARCO should be part of or atleast have a fair representation in the planning and conduct phases of military operations. e. General standard of awareness in our armed forces with regard to the capabilities of satellites is negligible. A concerted effort is needed to create awareness about the satellites and space. f. Although, the anti satellite technology is a costly option, however due regards in research and development should be given for acquisition of this vital technology in the long run. CONCLUSION Maritime situational awareness has compelled the today’s Fleet Maritime commander to have encrypted communicated with his ships at sea, with planes and missiles in the air during war and peace time. We need reliable and encrypted communications and that has been made possible by today’s technologically advanced and sophisticated satellites which are capable of concealing the signals by a variety of clever techniques and also capable of shutting the jamming signal. At the same time, fleet commander he needs continuous RMP be maintained by a wide range of sensors including satellite or air surveillance to exploit the maritime environment. Throughout history, organization and strategy have continually undergone profound, technology-driven changes. Today, information and space revolution implies the rise of an era in which neither mass nor mobility will decide outcomes; instead, the side that knows more, that can disperse the fog of war, yet enshroud an adversary in it, will enjoy decisive advantages. Despite the immense benefits for economic well being of a country, the space has also become the new high ground for Military Commanders to direct future conflicts. Space technology now promises to resolve many traditional problems of a military commander by becoming his eyes and ears. This technology will allow future commanders to employ his gadgets at the time and place of own choosing. Indian aspirations of dominating the IOR through its space based technology will have far reaching affects to the littoral states in general and Pakistan in particular. The fact needs to be realized and profoundly addressed. RECOMMENDATIONS We have discussed the range of possible countermeasures that are available against satellite reconnaissance. Now in absence of a sound satellite programme of our own and relatively crude technological base, it would rather be imprudent to talk of active countermeasures like Anti Satellite weapons and jamming or spoofing of a satellite or ground station from another satellite or a ground based station. The possible options narrow down to the passive measures and certain other activities which may not require much sophistication. a. As imagery is susceptible to weather and is effective only during daylight hours, all movements of ships and submarines out of harbour be planned in dark hours during tension period or in wartime. This would deny the much needed real time information that would otherwise be available about the movement of naval assets. b. Covered sheds and pens be constructed for submarines and aircrafts, and once in harbour or at their bases, the units should remain continuously under the protection of these shelters. Such an exercise would help denying valuable information about normal peace time activities as well as movement of units like submarines would virtually remain undetected by the eyes of a surveillance satellite if all such movements are conducted during dark hours. Ships, however, would remain susceptible to detection and only measure that can be adopted is the sailing of these assets at night which though not very viable solution would still be able to provide some degree of security about their movements . Better co-ordination amongst MHQ, NCS and SUPARCO for the exchange of information of satellites passing over the area of interest. d. These measures which are certainly not fool proof and remain susceptible to failure, are suggested as relatively short term measures. In order to offset this advantage and maintain equilibrium in this very important field, Pakistan has got no choice but to accelerate its satellite programme on war footing. This may be a very long term solution and results may not be visible in any shape in the foreseeable future yet its importance cannot be over emphasized. e. Apart from passive measures there remain yet another strategically offensive option and that is the destruction of ground stations. Important ground stations must be identified during peacetime and such an operation may only be undertaken during actual hostilities or just before they break out. As such an action is fraught with dangerous consequences the decision to undertake such missions would require approval by highest authority. In view of our limitations in space technology, here is some food for thought. Like India, sufficient funds be allocated to undertake various space projects. b. SUPARCO is about to launch satellite in near future which should be used to fulfil our communication and other requirements. c. There is an urgent requirement to collaborate within international consortiums for the development of a remote sensing system with at least 1 meter resolution in order to correct the regional technological imbalance. . Search for serious local/foreign investors to work for space projects. I would just say that despite the immense benefits for economic well being of country, the space has also become the new high ground for Military Commanders to direct future conflicts. Space technology now promises to solve many of the traditional problems of a military commander by becoming his eyes, ears and voice. This technology will allow the future commanders to employ it against adversary at the time and place of own choosing.

Crucible Characters Description Essays - Salem Witch Trials

Crucible Characters Description Giles Corey, Rebecca Nurse, and John Proctor all have something in common which endanger them when the witch-hunt begins. The play, The Crucible, by Arthur Miller is a portrayal of the Salem witch trials. In the play there are three characters, Giles, Rebecca, and John all die at the end. These three people all have something in common which endangers them during the witch-hunt and later leads to their death. The one thing that these three people have in common is that they are all full of pride. One of these people is Giles Corey. In the play he is killed for two different things. One thing was that he would not give Danforth the name of the person who told him that Thomas Putnam was trying to get rid of the people in the town so that he could buy their land when they were gone. This is what originally got him arrested. Later they charged him as a witch and he would not answer his indictment. Because he didn't answer his indictment they could not charge him with being a witch. Therefore, he saved his name and his pride. Another person who has the same thing in common with Giles is Rebecca. Throughout the play there are time where she shows the reader these qualities. When she is faced with something she will always follow her religion. Never will she go against her religion even if it means to save her life. An example from the book is when she is in court and in jail Hale is begging with her to confess. She will not confess and she is later hung. Because of her stubbornness or pride she lost her life. Another person is John proctor who also his pride gets in the way of his decision making. One reason, which goes along with most of the people, was that he did not confess in the court. Later in the story, however, he does decide to confess. He signs the papers and everything. He is fine with this until he finds out that the signed confession will be posted on the door of the church. When he finds this out he then rips up the paper and does not confess. He is also hung for this and all because he wanted to save his name. In The Crucible many people were falsely accused and murdered for no reason. These three people could have prevented their own death if it were not for their pride. All they had to do was confess and spend some time in jail and that would be it. Because they wanted to save their names and pride they all ended up killing themselves.