How to Write a Sample of Time Management Essay For Frontier DPS Program

<h1>How to Write a Sample of Time Management Essay For Frontier DPS Program</h1><p>Writing tests of time the board paper for outskirts DPS can be very testing. You may not see how to communicate on the paper that you are composing. All things considered, a great online editorial manager can assist you with getting your exposition altering in no time.</p><p></p><p>The various uses of composing tests of time the executives paper for wilderness DPS will be disclosed to you later. These article themes are very hard to handle and it tends to be entirely troublesome on the off chance that you don't have a clue how to compose. In the event that you have perused a great deal about this theme, you ought to have the option to get a decent handle of it.</p><p></p><p>The best hotspot for test of time the board paper for outskirts DPS program is to find out about the application. You can take a gander at the confirmations prerequis ites in detail. It is essential to make an introductory letter as the principal page of your application. At that point, you can begin expounding on the territories that you need to discuss.</p><p></p><p>The time the board paper for outskirts DPS program ought to be significant and rational. Individuals read your application and they can without much of a stretch check whether your application has any legitimacy. Numerous understudies think that its extremely difficult to expound on something besides their own encounters and issues. You have to compose your involvement with a very much planned and clear way. You can generally take a gander at your online manager's remarks when you don't get a lot of utilization from the example of time the executives paper for boondocks DPS program.</p><p></p><p>Writing tests of time the board exposition for wilderness DPS program isn't difficult to do. You should simply to keep an appropriate progress ion of thoughts in your mind and to have a reasonable brain about what you need to state. Your article ought to be more focused at helping you with your applications. It will assist you with improving a paper and score higher on the passageway test.</p><p></p><p>It is the direct inverse to look into paper. It is hard for your papers to contrast and those of paper dependent on the encounters you have picked up in the course of your life. Along these lines, it is progressively exact to utilize an example of time the board paper for outskirts DPS program.</p><p></p><p>It is smarter to have an example of time the executives article for wilderness DPS program close by. There are many schools on the web. Select the correct school that coordinates your individual needs and requirements.</p>

The Undisputed Truth About 7th Grade Persuasive Essay Topics That the Experts Dont Want You to Hear

The Undisputed Truth About 7th Grade Persuasive Essay Topics That the Experts Don't Want You to Hear Essay writing is definitely thought to be part of academic life and essay writing demands certain abilities or the region of the writer. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. They only need to find their niche from the myriad of topics they can explore. They learn to write effectively when they write more often. Though a great school and superior teachers are paramount to writing mastery, there are lots of approaches you may help your children enjoy and enhance their writing. Write about the very first time you realized your teachers have lives outside school. You'll receive more students engaged in reading whether you can recommend books yourself. Some students adore the procedure so much, they have to be requested to go on to the next assignment, or they'd never complete the program! The Benefits of 7th Grade Persuasive Essay Topics No matter what you decide, don't neglect to delight in the movie! As soon as you are assigned a new writing project, the very first thing which you should do is to earn an appropriate plan with each step included regarding how you are going to carry on with the undertaking. You may buy what's known as a Showkit that has whatever you should do a show, and an amazing guide for first-time directors. Persuasive writing is one of the four main kinds of writin g. Even if books are somewhat more informative. Possessing a particular topic will allow you to be focused as you make research on the materials you have to assemble information. Pick the one that you find interesting enough and delight in the writing process! There's, clearly, a limit on the variety of pages even our finest writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but generally, we can satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. ForA commercial purposes, persuasive writing can be employed to achieve the interest of the audience about a specific product or assistance. Sure, with this kind of a massive number of topics to select from, picking just one may be challenging. No matter the length of time you've had public speaking jobs, take some time and invest to construct your hot list. The Hidden Facts About 7th Grade Persuasive Essay Topics Writing problems may be an indication of other learning problems, so think about consulting the proper professionals if th at's your concern. Speech disorders are rather simple to recognize by a layperson. They refer to several conditions in which a person has difficulty communicating by mouth. Perform extensive research on the subject of your choice and make an impressive persuasive speech that individuals will remember for long. Also, they need to consider a second opinion. Different significance of a specific word rides on the group of individuals who uses it. There are cases which people have variations in regards to interpreting or giving meanings to words. Good persuasive essay topics need to be persuasive. Persuasive essays are a fantastic method to encourage the reader to check at a particular topic in a different light. All things considered, you can observe that writing a persuasive essay isn't a brain surgery. Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's essential to at all times be critically contemplating the world around us. Another good idea is to receive some absolutely free essay examples of different sorts and on various subjects to find a general idea of the way in which a thriving debatable paper looks. You will have the ability to write readily, when you have managed to stay focused towards your title. Doing this, you'll certainly find your ideal essay title easily and faster. Make sure you realize the assignment properly. If you take advantage of a question, utilize the problem-then-solution format. There are a couple easy guidelines to follow to be able to be in a position to compose an excellent persuasive essay. Following are a few of the advised sociology essay topic for those students that are unable to pick a great topic for their assignment.

Possible Warning Signs on Vandalism Essay Topics You Should Be Aware Of

<h1>Possible Warning Signs on Vandalism Essay Topics You Should Be Aware Of </h1> <p>Remember there are numerous decisions of 18 and 14 measure steel locking letter drops which didn't withstand the thorough testing and aren't as solid as Fort Knox. Some may trust it is a sort of an imaginative articulation while some propose to completely boycott spray painting. Along these lines, there's contention encompassing his works that is now and then viewed as vandalism rather than gems. As a matter of fact, it's regular among the adolescents tend to become like revolutionary or possibly to show their inclination about something. </p> <p>Theft of mail may prompt fraud, loss of cash from items conveyed, and significantly more, just as the reality it is a felony. Regardless of which class a potential assault may fall under, it might cost your organization tremendously. Vandalism is regularly ensured on these sorts of plans, so call an accident protection approach specialist today for more data about your own inclusion. </p> <p>Community must be proactive against vandalism indications that occur in their area. Letter drop Vandalism continues to happen. Spray painting vandalism is expanding in Australia. </p> <p>Two hazards which may happen in blend with vandalism are revolt and common uproar. The impact of vandalism might be negative too. There are various kinds of vandalism that you may experience. The vandalism to which you're being oppressed isn't irregular. </p> <p>If it was not for the basic certainty that most spray painting is determined to private property without the administrator's consent, at that point it might be progressively perceived as a genuine sort of workmanship. Spray painting makes a very ugly air while crushing property. Paints are built up that essentially trigger spray painting paint to break up when applied, or, in all likelihood guarantee it is speedy and easy to dispense with. </p> <p>Road signs are set in explicit districts to ensure the security of drivers. Fourthly, vandalism can lessen the estimation of your premises. To put it in an unexpected way, what's vandalism in 1 state might be demolition of property in another. In a perfect world if there's vandalism locally you'd be a smart thought to keep your vehicle or truck in a safe house area if at all possible.</p> <h2> Finding Vandalism Essay Topics Online </h2> <p>Whether you address your specialist or the cases agent the inquiries will be the equivalent. Thus, it's crucial that guardians and the legislature to create a solid coorperation in order to secure against correctly a similar issue happen once more. Having individuals do spray painting in areas where it's restricted is a genuine ruin to youngsters basically to get an impression. We should be straight, America truly doesn't have any issue with spray painting as long in light of the fact that they can procure an expel it. </p> <p>Get concentrating today and get the evaluations you want. It very well may be still extremely difficult to pinpoint what's acceptable and what's awful when you're in pre-adulthood. So as to pick the ideal companions, young people must see how to separate among constructive and adverse things. Other than that, they don't have solid guideline inside themselves. </p> <h2> The Lost Secret of Vandalism Essay Topics </h2> <p>Installing fencing is a wrongdoing anticipation choice that conveys the additional in addition to of stopping different sorts of wrongdoing. Despite the fact that vandalism is regularly the impact of an intentional demonstration, itcan likewise happen as an outcome of disregard or nonattendance of thought for individual occupants. </p> <p>Police can just take care of business off of the proof they can gather, and with no observer of the movement, the odds of equity being served turns out to be nearly unrealistic. Despite the fact that the criminal was gotten they despite everything do exactly the same things. The court will weigh many of elements in deciding the correct discipline. When taking the security of your association into thought, it's essential to see the manner of digital wrongdoing as a rule. </p> <h2> The Vandalism Essay Topics Cover Up</h2> <p>Crime avoidance is essential. Preoccupation takes after probation since it additionally takes an adolescent to follow explicit terms. A Lawyer Can Help If you're dealing with vandalism indictments, it's in your absolute best enthusiasm to address a prepared vandalism barrier attorney at whatever point conceivable. </p> <p>Misdemeanor vandalism as a rule brings a potential jail energize of to a year. Vandals will in general find obvious objectives. Each demonstration of vandalism should be taken care of in a noteworthy technique. More than one portion of the entirety of the violations identified with vandalism happens in secondary schools. </p> <h2> Vandalism Essay Topics Can Be Fun for Everyone</h2> <p>Good lighting has become the most common and most urgent advance in forestalling vandalism. You can't tune in to music that doesn't harken back to your own one of a kind social encounter. Network is difficult to procure contact during crisis situations. </p>

Top Three Rules For Scholarship Essay Writing

Top Three Rules For Scholarship Essay WritingIf you need to figure out how to compose a grant exposition, one of the best three standards for grant paper composing is to initially get an away from of the theme. It is significant that you are not hesitant to put it all out there with regards to composing since this can be hazardous. A few understudies expound on themselves, while others expound on their family or any of their own encounters. The fundamental standard is to discover what it is that you need to state, and afterward expound on it.Facts and figures are significant. You have to give enough data to cause your peruser to comprehend your proposal. Another key is to not utilize words that are too vague.Try and do this as a decent time as could reasonably be expected, with the goal that you can check whether individuals are purchasing your thoughts. On the off chance that you're not ready to explain what you need, at that point your paper won't be read.Make certain that your per spective is right. Try not to leave the peruser hanging when they're attempting to make sense of what you're stating. Ensure that you give them a straight-forward approach to comprehend what you mean. Another great tip is to ensure that you utilize a pugnacious style.The third principle for grant article composing is to ensure that your exposition is consistent. You have to ensure that your rationale is strong and very much created. Regularly, individuals depend on consensuses and generalizations, so hold your article to the realities. Utilize basic language and have sentences that flow.When composing a grant paper, you have to ensure that you don't exaggerate the proposition proclamation. It is generally observed as a necessity for most grant journalists to have a theory articulation. In the event that you don't have a postulation explanation, at that point consider what you need to state, and afterward compose it. It's significant that you compose regarding a matter that you know well.Writing a grant exposition requires persistence and constancy. Thus, so as to compose a decent paper, you have to have some foundation information. One of the best three standards for grant exposition composing is to get your statistical data points right.

Essay Topics That Can Make Or Break Your Essay

<h1>Essay Topics That Can Make Or Break Your Essay</h1><p>All understudies invest some energy taking a shot at their articles, however for the individuals who need assistance with paper themes, there are some significant hints to consider. Despite the fact that this is a theme that appears to be extremely essential, even understudies who comprehend the nuts and bolts of article composing regularly experience difficulty with this task.</p><p></p><p>Many individuals accept that present issues are the best subjects to expound on, and with regards to your exposition, current issues are the most flawlessly awesome. As you read through this guide, remember that a few points work superior to other people, and something that you should mull over is the means by which current your subject is. You ought to likewise decide if the point is present enough.</p><p></p><p>For occurrence, if the present issue is one which has just been secured and replied by various different news stories, there is nothing you can do to ensure that the article is current. There are numerous sorts of news stories that could be utilized to make a present issue. On the off chance that the theme is an ongoing occasion, attempt to discover a news story about it and ensure that you present your assessments. The motivation behind why this is so significant is on the grounds that recorded as a hard copy, conclusions ought to consistently be shown.</p><p></p><p>When expounding on current issues, you ought to likewise be mindful so as to keep the realities straight. Recall that in spite of the fact that these issues are topical, they can be exceptionally disputable. So as to ensure that your exposition is honest, ensure that you totally separate the realities and afterward present them in a precise manner.</p><p></p><p>One of the most ideal approaches to begin with paper points that are curre nt issues is to expound on somebody. This may appear to be unreasonable, yet the truth of the matter is that by expounding on somebody, you are hearing your point of view over, yet you are likewise explaining to the peruser why that individual is the best individual to find out about. By making an individual association with the peruser, you are building up a bond with the peruser that will make them trust you more than some other subject. These associations can last a long ways past the subject and can make your exposition an extraordinary success.</p><p></p><p>Some points are utilized on the grounds that they can be utilized for various reasons. For instance, a science point will turn into a 'science' subject dependent on the focal point of the article. Ensure that you talk about what makes it a science point as opposed to something different, however consistently ensure that you know the contrast between these two kinds of topics.</p><p></p& gt;<p>When picking the subject for your paper, ensure that you understand that numerous individuals know about current issues yet don't consider them points. A present point is one that is disputable and has had a lot of media inclusion. By discovering something that is new, you will have the option to show your focuses all the more adequately, yet ensure that you know the distinction between these two sorts of topics.</p><p></p><p>Once you have settled on the point, ensure that you are appropriately inquiring about the theme. When you have explored your subject, you will at that point need to compose the exposition. Ensure that you figure out how to compose with an exact methodology, and figure out how to appropriately examine your subject before presenting your essay.</p>

Essay Topics For Junior High Students

Essay Topics For Junior High StudentsExpository essay topics for junior high students are a good start to writing the best essay you can write. These topics will help you avoid the 'red herring' that a lot of high school students have when they begin writing their essays. Some people just use them to add extra flair and style, but for the most part, you should try to learn about these topics before you write your own essay.What is an expository essay topic? This term was popularized by John Stuart Mill in his essay on 'Of the Principles of Political Economy.' It refers to the type of essay that is written from a viewpoint that presents arguments about some topic. The thesis or first paragraph explains the topic, and then you will present evidence or facts that support the thesis.The author's goal is to convince the reader to agree with the author's point of view. In order to do this, they must provide the facts in a manner that is well-written and clear. The body of the essay should include the supporting evidence that they used to arrive at their conclusion. If they cannot provide this, they have not provided enough information to convince the reader. So it pays to follow up.There are several expository essay topics for junior high students. Some topics for this group include: the subject matter of science; the nature of human knowledge; and the history of science. Some topics that should be addressed are: politics, society, patriotism, and religion. Even biology, physics, and mathematics are some of the more popular subjects for young writers.There are some expository essay topics for junior high students that really require a great deal of information in order to adequately support their point of view. These are some of the more difficult topics to address. As an example, a student may need to provide the argument that a particular belief system is inferior to another. However, they need to provide enough information in order to make that argument, so they c an support it.There are also more modern times, where students have a lot of things to discuss. For example, in the Arab world, there is a great deal of turmoil going on and the words of the past are being tested. So it pays to be well-versed in the philosophy of one or another religion. Likewise, the ideas of what the word 'terrorism' means, for example, are important to understand, so that you can explain it in a concise way.Finally, there are other expository essay topics for junior high students that focus on the politics of the nation. No matter which topic you choose, though, you will need to present information in such a way that it is clear, so that the reader will understand it. Of course, this will require much more information than an introductory essay or comparative essay, but it does get you prepared for the higher grades.Expository essay topics for junior high students are a good place to start because they require you to write from a different perspective, and you ca n easily find topics for the grade levels that you have. All you need to do is do some research on the topics that interest you, and you can begin preparing yourself for the big day.

Rough Draft College Essay Writing

<h1>Rough Draft College Essay Writing</h1><p>Rough Draft College Essay Writing, otherwise called RDI or Rydell, is a web based composing course that should be possible in the solace of your own home. It furnishes you with the nuts and bolts to compose a decent and convincing school paper, a subject that requires some level of innovativeness and imagination.</p><p></p><p>The Rough Draft College Essay Writing Course begins with a short prologue to composing school expositions. These are short, sweet expositions about specific themes that most understudies have concentrated in their advanced degree. They are less scholastic but rather more they are close to home expositions that utilization a great deal of good presence of mind to address a few inquiries concerning the future career.</p><p></p><p>The presentation gives you some fundamental English Composition and sentence building abilities. After that you will be instruc ted how to inquire about your subject. With a tad of readiness and examining, you can undoubtedly concoct a great article in a short measure of time. Another piece of the article composing course will show you how to show your feelings through composing your exposition, and how to make your sentences well.</p><p></p><p>It is critical to compose your school paper in a style that will cause you to feel good and certain when you read it. The educator will assist you with that part as well.</p><p></p><p>Writing an exposition doesn't require any uncommon devices or projects. You can utilize your PC or a PC to finish your composing task. All you need is a decent composing programming project, for example, MS Word or Publisher, and your preferred content manager to alter your writing.</p><p></p><p>This is a brilliant method to work on composing school expositions without the money related duty of employing an expert es sayist. RDI likewise gives you a few hints on composing great powerful messages that will assist you with prevailing in this field. At long last, a great RDI composing course will enable you to compose your school paper without stressing over sentence structure and punctuation.</p><p></p><p>Students who have effectively finished the Rough Draft College Essay Writing Course have revealed that they think that its a successful and productive learning experience. The courses are conveyed internet, permitting you to learn at your own comfort. There are no sitting in a study hall or venturing out to a school or school campus.</p>

Private Info on Ford Foundation Fellowship Font Essay Samples Only the Pros Know About

<h1> Private Info on Ford Foundation Fellowship Font Essay Samples Only the Pros Know About </h1> <h2>Finding the Best Ford Foundation Fellowship Font Essay Samples </h2> <p>Both expositions are solid and react to every single one of the fundamental components of the paper brief. A paper framework can assist you with sorting out the general structure of your exposition. The purpose of this article is to show your capability to meet this necessity. Never be satisfied with the absolute first form of any part of your article. </p> <h2>Ok, I Think I Understand Ford Foundation Fellowship Font Essay Samples, Now Tell Me About Ford Foundation Fellowship Font Essay Samples! </h2> <p>Your recommendations and models don't should be limited fundamentally to the control which you have decided to seek after. On the off chance that after you show a thing or two, the free work task is inside your understudies abilities, they aren't overpowered o r baffled and needn't bother with much extra guide, that level is in all likelihood directly for them. Evaluate the absolutely free example exercises before you get the educational plan to help figure out which level is reasonable for your understudies. Peruse these rules and attempt the free example exercises before you acquire the educational plan to help figure out which level is best for your understudies. </p> <h2> If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on Ford Foundation Fellowship Font Essay Samples</h2> <p>Be prepared to begin without any preparation if their reaction to some of these inquiries is no. Be prepared to discuss those points in more detail, in the event that you be welcome to meet. You may download the manual at this hyperlink. We will give all of you required information in this issue. Make certain all data is exact and you will be prepared to talk about in some detail anything you notice. </p> <h2> The Argument Abou t Ford Foundation Fellowship Font Essay Samples </h2> <p>You can without much of a stretch form a suggestion letter utilizing the Letter of Recommendation Samples that different destinations offer. The two models handle the specific topic (debilitated parent) yet use different methodologies. The reaction is truly, however adhering to exactly the same guidelines normally adds to contrasts. In case you're looking through the appropriate response of the inquiry how to form a grant letter You don't need to get stressed over anything. </p> <h2>Ford Foundation Fellowship Font Essay Samples Explained </h2> <p>There are no refuse jars either. Additionally abstain from alluding individuals you have low assessment of. This is additionally an incredible spot to uncover your connections to the network that you're serving so the BOAF can see that you're put resources into your locale for the exceptionally long stretch. Peruse various guides to find that there' s a variety of procedures to do it. There are a huge exhibit of letters of suggestion that might be helpful that individuals get explicit points of interest and arrangements. </p> <p>A quiet intelligent pool sits at the base of the chamber. An exquisite mystery garden in the focal point of Manhattan. </p> <p>Following are a couple of brief proposals on both significant assortments of expositions required, and a blend of these. Type it at the highest point of your page, and allude to it every now and again as you are composing. Just think past the crate and go from the standard. </p> <p>The request are found at the official site of the Ford Foundation. In addition, one is a 500-word answer and the other one is a 1,000-word reaction.</p> <h2> The Basic Facts of Ford Foundation Fellowship Font Essay Samples</h2> <p>The subfield isn't as significant. The complete organization of your article, for instance, text dimension and ed ges, will exclusively depend on the guidelines offered to you. As a urban ethnographer, it is critical to appreciate individuals and, similar to I have endeavored to clarify here, I imagine that language is an important apparatus in this training. Both example reactions to NSF application questions offered in the pdf beneath bring about an uncommon investigation interestingly. </p> <h2>The Battle Over Ford Foundation Fellowship Font Essay Samples and How to Win It </h2> <p>After you understand this fact, you'll positively pick the most appropriate methods for applying to the Ford Foundation Dissertation Fellowship. The last associate was chosen, and the application will finish up in 2013. On the off chance that you need an educational plan that will deliver understudies gifted in each zone of composing, you need The Write Foundation. View this Graduate Scholarship Example to think of your case. Visit the Human Subjects Committee site and snap understudy ventu res for more data. </p> <p>Being some portion of an incredible instructive organization can be expensive. A suggestion from somebody who has a firsthand encounter of knowing and working with the man or lady can really improve his chances of picking up the grant. In spite of the fact that the establishment is situated in New York, it's sanctioned in Michigan, giving that express some purview. It gives proof of past understanding and achievement in the territory. The applicant needs to have an exceptionally away from of who the person is as a doctor and the specific way the individual sees their profession taking. </p> <h2> Things You Won't Like About Ford Foundation Fellowship Font Essay Samples and Things You Will </h2> <p>They need to see how and what you accept. You are then going to be taken to the on-line award request structure. It is conceivable to discover progressively about this open door by heading off to the funder's site. </p> &l t;h2>The Downside Risk of Ford Foundation Fellowship Font Essay Samples </h2> <p>With this, you will be in a situation to confine your thoughts into key focuses that you need to feature in the body of your exposition. Counsel your perusers to advise you precisely what addresses your proposition raises that you might not have thought of. It's easy to call attention to a paper that has been composed exclusively for its enthusiasm. These assortments of articles are ensured to rest off your perusers. </p> <p>Essays are the center of partnership applications. While they may as of now have a few tendencies of what their future vocation will be, some of those decisions will be drawn up through the arrangement of the residency. </p>

The Essay Writing Value of Liberal Education

<h1>The Essay Writing Value of Liberal Education</h1><p>According to the senior scholars on school article composing, it isn't just required yet additionally especially important to have liberal instruction with regards to the subject of your paper. You may be inquiring as to why this is and the appropriate response is fairly basic. The author so far as that is concerned is approached to have liberal instruction to benefit from their composing skill.</p><p></p><p>Of course, you ought to likewise know the significance of liberal training to have the option to compose a very much figured paper. It is probably the most ideal approaches to ensure a decent paper. In that capacity, it is constantly an or more factor whenever you have the chance to win a degree and you can exploit that opportunity.</p><p></p><p>When it goes to the method of composing, an individual ought to consistently ensure that they are in the know regard ing current industry gauges and afterward apply that information and applying it to their paper to guarantee that their work has merit. This is the motivation behind why understudies should concentrate on discovering school paper composing administrations. A ton of people attempt to do this without anyone's help however don't give it the thought it deserves.</p><p></p><p>Utilizing a school article composing administration will permit you to benefit from your composition and truly progress in the direction of ensuring that your exposition can fulfill industry guidelines. That is the reason the authors of these administrations center around giving a great item. They guarantee that their scholars are exceptionally gifted and experienced recorded as a hard copy various types of articles for different school admissions.</p><p></p><p>They can give customers various evaluations for various papers they have composed for various schools and col leges. Along these lines, an individual will never be shy of papers to compose and it will be of incredible advantage to only them. With the finishing of their task, they will have the option to get more credits for their school so they will be able to improve their odds for higher education.</p><p></p><p>They can likewise improve their certainty while composing and this is the reason they will have the option to turn out to be better exposition authors later on. This is the reason the composing administrations they offer consistently get the most elevated audits from their customers. This is the reason they can offer essayists the chance to work with more than one company.</p><p></p><p>That is the reason they will consistently be sought after by inventive authors who are subsequent to composing incredible papers and getting however many credits as could be expected under the circumstances. Thus, it is exhorted that you visit the site beneath and apply for a free preliminary. This is the most ideal approach to perceive what they need to offer.</p><p></p><p>Using a school paper composing administration will truly make your composing experience significantly better and thus it is exhorted that you utilize an expert help as quickly as time permits. Do some examination and locate an incredible spot where you can begin now. That is the reason you should utilize an incredible help currently to begin and benefit from your composing experience.</p>

The Movement Of The Middle East - 1080 Words

Some examples of prominent ex-Nazi members who escaped to the middle east are as follows. Franz Rademacher was a Nazi aide under Secretary of state Luther. Rademacher fled to Spain and then Damascus, Syria where he worked in foreign trade. Walter Rauff was responsible for the development of mobile gas vans. Fled to Damascus in 1947, and worked over 47 ex-Nazis to reorganize Syrian intelligence. A third example is Alois Brunner. Brunner was Eichmann’s right hand man and was responsible for the deportation and death of 100,000 European Jew’s. After being sentenced to death by a French tribunal, Brunner escaped to Egypt, and then on the advice of Al-Husaini went to Syria, where he worked for Syrian intelligence. Brunner lives to this day in Syria, under the protection of around the clock Syrian body guards. The reason that the Arab state protected ex-Nazi war criminals was because of a desire to rebuild the radical Islamist movement that Al-Husaini and his associates had created prior to the war. These Nazis became the basis of this radical Arab movement that dominates the Muslim groups of today. In contrast to Germany, Middle eastern Moderate leaders in opposition to Al-Husaini and the axis powers were driven from public life. characterized as both failures and collaborators with imperialism, The Arab state was cleansing itself of moderate populations, and in this way, it became, even more radicalized. With many of their political leaders and parties driven from the region,Show MoreRelatedThe Movement Of Iran And The Middle East And West973 Words   |  4 PagesThe MEK has a turbulent past and a background of information is needed to understand their relationship with the Middle East and West. The People’s Mujahidin Organization of Iran (MEK) came into existence in the 1960s as an armed guerrilla movement inside of Iran. The original founders of this movement were university students led by Mohammad Hanifnezhad. Homa Katouzian asserts that, â€Å"After the arrest and military trial of their leaders, and especially in consequence of the military suppressionRead MoreWomen’s Roles in Independence Movements Throughout the Middle East831 Words   |  4 Pagesroles in independence movements throughout the Middle East were as varied as their male counterparts’, though arguably not as well remembered. Many women rebelled from within traditional feminine spaces, as defined by colonizers and male nationals, rather than vying for roles in the traditional political sphere. Female and male revolutionaries risked the same dangers, but almost invariably women did not hold any significant leadership positions within nationalistic movements. Colonial powers oftenRead MoreNationalist Movements of the Middle East and South Asia after WW11065 Words   |  5 PagesOne brought about vast changes to many parts of the world. Places like South Asia and the Middle East were able to see the need for self government away from foreign control. This sparked a number of nationalist movements during the 1920’s and 1930’s. The Middle East had to Westernize to rid foreign control while India had to be united under non-violence and Hindu values. Before WW1, the Middle East was dominated by outside powers. Egypt was under British control and Persia was divided inRead MoreThe Common Elements Of Colonization Movements Of South Asia, The Middle East, And Africa780 Words   |  4 Pages1. Discuss the common elements of colonization movements in south Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. Nearly all nationalist movements were led by Western-educated elites who often had previous experience in the colonial administration. Also, there often was a fascinating leader like Gandhi or Nkrumah. With the exception of the settler colonies and in the Middle East, decolonization usually was achieved by peaceful confrontation on the model of India. In settler territories, European populations stoppedRead MoreThe Impact Of Modern Public Sphere On The Middle East1322 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the 19th century the Middle East found themselves with a problem of establishing an identity or nationalism. Through defensive developmentalism the Middle East had sought to counter the imperialistic approach of the West, yet still begin to modernize their land. The world was developing rapidly and the Middle East wanted to ensure that they did not fall behind. However, the approach backfired and the Middle East found themselves struggling to establish their own modern identity and fallingRe ad MoreThe Aftermath Of World War II1562 Words   |  7 PagesWhile the aftermath of World War II is often referred to as one of the primary creators of deep rooted turmoil in the Middle East region, the effects of the Cold War and the United States often over-zealous battle against communism is just as much a contributor if not more. The Arab world and the Middle East region were clearly going through quite an extraordinary period throughout World War II and its conclusion, primarily with the creation of most of the states we recognize today and strugglingRead MoreThe Arab Baath Movement and The Rise of the Baath Party in Syria1648 Words   |  7 Pagesand civil society has managed to thrive in the Middle East. Social movements on a variety of topics have occurred despite the lack of democracy and democratic institutions in certain countries. One popular movement was the Arab Ba’ath Movement which eventually led to the formation of the Baath Party. By analyzing the movemen t’s history, ideological stance, goals, the actors, dissenters, and international aspect, one can determine how and why the movement flourished in Syria. Syria was granted de jureRead MoreMoakley Peace Medal Acceptance Speech860 Words   |  4 Pagesbegin as he would, by offering his and my most sincere and humble gratitude to Chancellor Motley and to the University of Massachusetts and its distinguished members for creating this medal and for choosing my father and, in a broader sense, the YaLa movement, as the recipients of the Moakley Peace medal. The very existence of the Moakley Chair of Peace and Reconciliation and of the Moakley Peace Medal are worthy of more thanks than can be offered, standing as testaments to the ongoing desire for peaceRead MoreUnderstanding the Arab Spring1050 Words   |  5 PagesThe revolutionary movement in the Middle East started in January 2011 where Tunisian Bouazizi Mohamed, who set himself on fire, ensued to the revolt of his fellow citizens (Pollack 2011). Political and social frustrations led to tremendous discontent of citizens, and massive protests and social movements demanded a change of th e country’s political regime. This widespread event was known as â€Å"the Arab Spring† and empowered other people in Arab countries who were not satisfied with their sociopoliticalRead MoreRadical Islam vs. Islam Essay1313 Words   |  6 Pagesaround the world. Will the Middle East (the perceived homeland of all that is civil and governmental unrest) ever experience peace within their own country? Will they ever be able to experience the sense of unity that comes with maintaining a collaborative relationship with the outside world? Or are they destined to remain a picturesque version of all that is wrong with the world, feeding their image with bloody attacks and a fanatical, violent, and obsessive religious movement? The path to peace has

What Does Crime Scene Investigation Research Paper Topics Mean?

<h1>What Does Crime Scene Investigation Research Paper Topics Mean? </h1> <h2> What's Truly Happening with Crime Scene Investigation Research Paper Topics</h2> <p>Many criminal equity courses focus on criminology. The exposition assesses their viability, especially concerning the cross-defilement of USB gadgets that may be conveyed from 1 wrongdoer's PC to some other guilty party's PC. Examinations include various expert techniques dependent on the substance of the wrongdoing. It is essential to verify that your exploration doesn't have any copyright infringement and such mistakes as they could be used to punish you. </p> <p>If you need to compose just a solitary paper at the finish of the period, you can inhale out since you are honored. The drawback of encountering a point gave to you is that you're fairly fixed in your range of inclusion. You are keen on a subject that has bunches of accessible material for you to utilize. As it's such a t remendous subject, you are going to need to limit your paper down to a specific edge. </p> <h2>Choosing Crime Scene Investigation Research Paper Topics Is Simple </h2> <p>The capacity to think of an incredible research point is a noteworthy ability. For certain understudies, a decision of subject is the most effortless part. In case you're mistaken for a choice of fascinating themes to explore on the web, it's greatly improved to pick what intrigues you the most. Without an appropriate substance, not too bad research paper points don't bode well. </p> <p>Writing an exploration paper without a framework is like driving a vehicle without realizing where you're going you don't have the foggiest idea where you will get the following second. In the occasion the underlying consideration gave isn't fruitful a medical attendant must build up an alternate game plan. Utilizing time and separation, wrongdoing scene specialists can make a range where the susp ect may have headed out to and from. Clearly, you'll not commit the entire day composing your exploration. </p> <h2>Here's What I Know About Crime Scene Investigation Research Paper Topics </h2> <p>Writing an exploration paper requires a ton of time, subsequently it is fundamental to pick an examination paper theme which you will truly savor the experience of working with. Composing an incredible enticing exploration paper is a troublesome errand. Obviously, choosing the fitting subject for your exploration paper is the absolute first and most basic advance on the most ideal approach to composing the paper itself. Composing an examination paper despite the fact that may seem testing is a significant part of ordinary understudy life. </p> <p>Conclusion The answer to the wrongdoing scene is a crucial advance in the examination method. All things considered, wrongdoing scene examiners are similarly as keen on guaranteeing that equity wins, and they'r e exceptionally careful. Wrongdoing scene examination The wrongdoing scene examination is a system that is completed to record the state of the scene since it is experienced. Presentation A predominant wrongdoing scene examination requires the use of contemporary logical methods, deductive thinking and settled physical proof which will support the assurance of the exact occasions encompassing the violations. </p> <p>Each year, therapists distribute a stunning amount of researchit's difficult to understand everything. In this way, you've understood that you're good to go to create your exploration paper. You need to compose a minumum of one research paper in a semester for some the subjects. The more you completely handle the less difficult it's for you to make a flourishing exploration paper. </p> <p>There's notable that you won't can compose an amazing savvy look into paper in case you're not intrigued by the subject generally speaking and in the subject explicitly. At the point when you get an assignment to create a paper, the absolute first issue that you need to manage is investigate paper subjects. Considering the previously mentioned, we should consider some captivating examination paper subjects and tips for your exploration paper. </p> <h2>The Tried and True Method for Crime Scene Investigation Research Paper Topics in Step by Step Detail </h2> <p>Our life is about words. At the point when you own a rundown before your eyes, it will be a lot simpler to make your brain and start thinking about a particular issue. Regardless of whether a specific research paper point is getting a lot of buzz as of now or others appear to be keen on expounding on it, don't feel enticed to make it your theme on the off chance that you don't truly have some kin d of enthusiasm for it too. On-line outsiders appear to be sexual neurotics in most of the occurrences. </p> <p>Our specialists are quite often slanted to do amendments. The expressed research subjects might be utilized among others to create intriguing examination papers. The clarification of results is thought of as the hardest part, notwithstanding, it is moreover the most captivating part in light of the fact that the objective of the entire paper is to at last find the reasons, clarifications, causes and so on of exploring a fascinating examination paper theme. Except if painstakingly took care of, the whole examination may be compromised.</p> <h2>Hearsay, Deception and Crime Scene Investigation Research Paper Topics </h2> <p>There's no nitty gritty rundown or menu to choose from. The principal examine paper design is given beneath. A great research paper involves point by point information regarding your matter of decision. Arranging an expl oration paper is definitely not a basic occupation. </p> <h2> The Crime Scene Investigation Research Paper Topics Trap</h2> <p>Religious radicalization Getting the ideal points for instructive article composing is only one of the most vital stages in the methodology. The featured tips are sure to flexibly you with an awesome research point and paper. Settling on a point for an exploration paper isn't straightforward in any regard. Picking great useful exposition themes is basic in the event that you see how to approach doing it. </p> <h2>Crime Scene Investigation Research Paper Topics - What Is It? </h2> <p>When composing your exploration paper be sure to center upon the segment of criminal equity that you're tending to from the perspective on the instructional class learning objective with which it is related. The diagram will permit you to sort out your work in that you're presently ready to comprehend where to make your presentation , substance, and end. You should get what things to expound on so you may see how to channel your exploring center and furthermore remain applicable to the prerequisites and desires for your crowd. You can continue and gap the investigation into expressions to check at each angle acutely. </p> <h2> Here's What I Know About Crime Scene Investigation Research Paper Topics </h2> <p>The researcher may need to execute a dissection and assess the body to choose whether the passing was common or not. By and large, to be a scientific researcher, you should contemplate math and science. Your exploration will at long last have a stream. Scientific science comprises of numerous districts of study, including criminalistics, building science, alongside pathology and science. </p> <p>Attempting to make an examination paper on a theme that doesn't have a ton of research on it's unbelievably hard, so before you pick a point, do a smidgen of primer looking and be certain you will have all the data you ought to create your paper. The whole research ought to be built around or from this issue. At the point when you pick an exploration theme, make certain it is one which you comprehend and have a firm handle on. A phenomenal paper theme should be fascinating and should consolidate a unique thought or position attempt to forestall buzzword subjects which will probably exhaust your peruser. </p> <h2> Crime Scene Investigation Research Paper Topics Features </h2> <p>While such situations are never prone to introduce themselves to the run of the mill singular, researchers might be an out and out progressively trial gathering. Actually, most subjects for look into papers are excessively huge for two or three pages. It can reveal the historical backdrop of deciding the reason for death, just as noteworthy techniques used to distinguish explicit causes. The TGen specialists took a gander at a large number of markers to create t heir distinguishing pieces of proof, he clarified. </p>

How to Write a Leadership Essay About Yourself Examples

<h1>How to Write a Leadership Essay About Yourself Examples</h1><p>What could be the most baffling and hardest activity on earth is to compose an authority exposition about yourself. I've never been a major aficionado of the author, particularly with regards to the composing part. That is the reason I am happy that you at last discovered this article!</p><p></p><p>The initial phase recorded as a hard copy an administration paper about yourself would be the exploration part. You have to know who you are representing. You should begin by distinguishing your crowd. Who are they?</p><p></p><p>How do you need them to see you? Be a pioneer for your clients or customers. Don't simply discuss yourself; talk about your organization or the business you are included in.</p><p></p><p>In request to become fruitful businessmen, you have to have the mental fortitude to defend yourself. Individuals consistently follow their pioneers. They don't mull over tailing somebody who has examples of overcoming adversity or achievements.</p><p></p><p>To become a successful speaker, you have to have an enthusiasm for what you are stating. Don't simply say what you have realized. Express your thoughts. Try not to spare a moment to utilize models on the off chance that you need one.</p><p></p><p>When you are composing an initiative article about yourself, you will discover that it will be hard. Numerous understudies disparage their composing abilities. These understudies will wind up burning through their time by completing a poor exposition. It is smarter to excel on the exposition instead of simply stress over the others.</p><p></p><p>Being a pioneer isn't simple, yet with the correct mentality and aptitudes you can do it. Simply do it.</p>

Should College Athletes Get Paid? - Answer The Question - College Athletes Should Get Paying

<h1>Should College Athletes Get Paid? - Answer The Question - College Athletes Should Get Paying</h1><p>Do you figure school competitors ought to get paid? Assuming this is the case, what amount would it be advisable for them to get paid?</p><p></p><p>The larger part of individuals would address no to the inquiry, however why would that be? School sports are legitimate and everybody has the option to take an interest in sports in any capacity they need to. Everybody has the privilege to wear a group uniform, however does that imply that everybody gets paid?</p><p></p><p>A parcel of the individuals who question the privileges of school competitors and why they shouldn't get paid think of it as unreasonable for somebody who never needs to appear at a game, take part by and by or a game to be paid for playing. Numerous individuals feel that school competitors are being compelled to play in any event one game for every wee k, so as to gain a pay for their school.</p><p></p><p>If somebody is never at any point out on the field playing or rehearsing or getting any guidance from their mentor, at that point they are unquestionably not a school competitor. Individuals need to get that on the off chance that somebody is drafted or marked to a pro athletics group, this will influence their capacity to play in school or get a school grant. You can't make these players remain in school, on the grounds that their profession is on the line and that could mean a great deal of cash for them.</p><p></p><p>The NCAA is getting more cash than any other time in recent memory by permitting competitors to remain at home and not play, which is pitiful. Truly school competitors are fortunate to have the option to play sports and the main ones that are bringing in cash are the mentors and school athletic executives. In the event that a competitor were to not play sports, there would be far less cash coming to school athletes.</p><p></p><p>Many mentors contend that school competitors ought to get paid, however why not offer them more cash? School sports ought to get paid so as to keep those players at the school and competitors not taking an interest. It's difficult to respond to the subject of how much school competitors ought to get paid, in light of the fact that they would need to be very much made up for their work. A few schools offer grants to competitors for their whole four years, yet these grants ought to be for significantly more than only four years. Numerous games are not worth the cost of affirmation and school competitors are not as significant as a couple players.</p>

How to Find 141 and More Essay Samples For Your Paper

<h1>How to Find 141 and More Essay Samples For Your Paper</h1><p>Writing a 151 article is no simple undertaking and you should use however many 141-and-more exposition tests as would be prudent. This gives you a superior vibe for what the normal peruser searches for in a decent exposition. You have to remember that since you think the example is acceptable doesn't imply that your peruser will agree.</p><p></p><p>It is critical to get that while a standard paper test will assist you with composing your exposition well, it won't really be the one that you compose. Every peruser has their own suppositions and thoughts. Subsequently, you ought not feel like you are being given a format in which to fabricate your essay.</p><p></p><p>There are numerous acceptable papers that contain these examples and this is the reason you have to take a stab at attempting to locate the correct one for you. Ensure that you attempt them all to see which ones you like the best. At that point you can work in reverse to utilize this information in your writing.</p><p></p><p>There are a few unique approaches to search for article tests. You can ask your educators, schoolmates, or teachers for recommendations. In the event that they have done some examination, at that point you should approach them for their supposition. They can likewise help you by mentioning to you what sort of author they feel you are.</p><p></p><p>There are additionally sites that offer you the opportunity to download some free expositions and different kinds of composing devices. These papers tests can be utilized to work on composing just as to realize what you have to know before taking the ACT test. Actually, they are an extraordinary asset to help with different sorts of paper composing as well.</p><p></p><p>The next approach to discover test expositions is to look on the web. You can do this via scanning for the words 'online sample'sample' in Google and afterward composing it into the web index. You will discover a lot of sites offering you exposition samples.</p><p></p><p>Finally, there are a couple of wellsprings of composing assets that offer instances of paper tests. These are normally programs that you can buy or download requiring little to no effort. A couple of these projects are Cd, PC streak, and mp3. In the event that you would prefer to get them rather than download them, you can get them from Amazon.</p><p></p><p>Writing a paper ought to be a pleasant action yet when you consider the challenges of picking the best exposition tests, it can get exceptionally baffling. With such a large number of alternatives, you will need to begin inquiring about with the expectation of complimentary paper tests right away.</p>

Argumentative Essay Topics For Smartphones

Argumentative Essay Topics For SmartphonesArgumentative essay topics for smartphones include Internet-based news, economics, health and the environment, laws and history, government, religion, and politics. The Internet has played a major role in many of these topics with the economic crisis impacting many of the issues that are on today's phone screen.Arguments are increasingly being discussed on a smartphone with a simple swipe from a finger on the screen of a cell phone. The Internet makes it easy to generate articles that may appeal to individuals online as well as those offline. Simply use the phone to search for information related to the topic of your argument and then access the content on the Internet.While the Internet is the most popular method of finding information, many articles are still generated offline. Locating the articles online is a good way to start your research, but make sure you have an idea of the amount of information required to support your argument. Whe n you find an article online with that information, the next step is to utilize an online database to find additional resources. With all of the free resources, there are many other sites and programs available online to help students find more information.One of the most popular argumentative essay topics for smartphones is the connection between medicine and health. Students are looking for information that will demonstrate the relationship between obesity and bad health, the roles of the media and changes in eating habits, and the concerns surrounding the health of children, all while weighing the value of global warming.The articles addressing these topics can easily be found on the Internet with the links provided within the articles themselves. Internet databases offer articles ranging from the short to the longer length of the discussion and can be accessed from several sites and available on several websites for quick references.Every year, students around the world are face d with healthcare questions with some looking at the risk of getting adisease and others seeing the many benefits of modern medicine. Every college student will have these questions and many will begin with an interest in the concept of global warming, which may include an interest in the connection between cell phones and global warming. These two topics can provide great sources of articles with plenty of facts and information to support a viewpoint.Many people worry about the safety issues that come with cell phones and argue that many believe that the issue of whether or not there is a connection between cell phones and global warming is more of a philosophical one. The challenge is how to gather facts that can support the argument. This is where websites like Free Empire provide ample information to discuss the issue in an organized manner.The topics and arguments regarding global warming and health provide all the resources that students may need to support their arguments and strengthen their knowledge base on these topics. As more research is done and available online, students will soon see that arguments based on smartphones may be the best way to go to get students thinking and researching.

Research Paper Topics in Computer Science

Research Paper Topics in Computer ScienceWhen choosing computer science research papers, you need to keep a few things in mind. This article will explain a few of the most common research paper topics in computer science and give you some ideas for those that interest you the most.The first topic is probably the most familiar to most people: what we call 'basic computer'. Basic computer is an overview of the basics of computer hardware and software, including basic operating systems, binary files, internet access, and so on.Many people are able to complete this research in the course of a couple of weeks, especially if they are learning to program the basic computers. However, as a writer, you should look for a research paper topic that is more in depth. An internet technical book is a good source for such a topic.Some other research paper topics for your research can include programming languages, hardware design, and computer graphics. What you choose for these will largely depend on what type of technology you have been studying previously. If you have never looked at computers before and never been exposed to a software program before, you may want to start with programming languages and the instruction set (such as C, or assembler) instead of graphics or hardware design. If you are familiar with hardware and programming, you may consider looking at graphics and hardware design first.Another list of research paper topics in computer science includes databases, such as SQL databases, and C/C++ programmers. As you learn more about database programs, you may want to consider how you can learn more. There are many online books available to help you learn.For computer science research paper topics you are considering, one of the most important things is that you find the best professor to give you. Youneed to be sure that you are paying for the right professor to write a good research paper for you.You should also make sure that you are paying for the right kind of professor. Make sure that you are hiring a student, a current graduate student, or a professor who has been in the same field as you have been for some time.There are many other research paper topics for computer science, all of which are good and all of which are important. Do not worry too much about picking your research paper topics; instead, just enjoy the process of researching for one and writing your research paper. Your research paper topics are important, but after all, you are writing an educational paper.

Who Is Misleading Us About Essay Samples and Descriptions?

Who Is Misleading Us About Essay Samples and Descriptions? It is possible to also read your essay to other individuals to obtain their feedback. Our writers try their very best to think of interesting thoughts and share them with you. They always produce unique content which is free from all grammatical error. As all our writers are gurus in academic writing, you can come across essays on several different descriptive essay topics that will assist in your case. By this time, you probably get the notion that the style choice for your descriptive essay is really open. For beginner writers it's tough to think of the proper academic tone and fashion. Bridget's essay is extremely strong, but there continue to be a couple little things that could be made better. The trick to writing an excellent effectiveA essay is to get the passion to write it. The coming of the essay has to be in the current tense and reveal what things to expect in the remainder of the post. Following your conclusion, you should earn a review of your essay by proofreading. Stephen's essay is rather effective. Reflective essays serve only 1 purpose to reveal your capacity to logically reflect on a specific issue. The structure of such essay is dependent upon the topic. Narrative Essays If you're not quite certain what a certain kind of essay is, just look during its name. For you to develop an excellent descriptive essay, you should learn how to encrypt a great thesis statement. The main issue to be mindful about in personal descriptive essay is that there shouldn't be any over-exaggeration. Job interviews are utilised to choose the candidates for the job. Description lets us show as opposed to tell. Job descriptions for the company proved originally written by means of a consultant about eight years back. When you may read a descriptive essay sample, you are able to learn from the very best. Finding out how to compose an essay introduction may appear the ideal start for virtually any student who is fighting with his academic endeavor. At high school you must understand how to compose a descriptive essay. Synthesis essays are about the masterful handling of at least two sources to strengthen your thesis. Essay writing comes in various forms. Quick Tips for Writing Your Descriptive Essay Writing a descriptive essay may be rich and fulfilling experience, but nevertheless, it may also feel a little complicated. Furthermore, it is possible to also take a look at our Argumentative Essay templates. Descriptive Narrative Essay Example may be used mainly to recreate a function. Descriptive essays about a place are common because when referring to a particular place it is normal to attempt to make an experience for your reader. Popular topics incorporate an individual or a place, an experience or memory and a lot more! Sometimes you do your best and even then you're not able to score well in your home tasks. Quite simply, applying Job descriptions in the present work environment is outdated. Seamlessly applying the new complex vocabulary learned in the present level is the correct method of exercising language abilities. You don't have to fret about your personal details that may be viewed, as we handle the matter on a safe network.

Manage Finance - 2083 Words

ASSESSMENT 1: STRUCTURED ACTIVITES Activity 1 Objective To provide you with an opportunity to identify and interpret the range of financial information and reports required for the organization to monitor business performance. Activity Answer the following questions, giving as much detail/explanation as you can to support your answer: (a.) What reports are used at your company to monitor business performance? At the restaurant where I work at, a few different types of reports are used to monitor the business performance such as: account summaries and balances, balance sheets, bank statements, banking summaries and business activity statements. (b.) What are they used for? Financial reports are used to keep track of the†¦show more content†¦What are the benefits of this system? The benefits would be keeping track of the business operation and being able to fix issues or recognise successful employees. What are the drawbacks of this system? The drawback of this system is the time to provide the information. Staff would have to stay long at the end of the day to write the daily report, which means cost for the business. Plus the time to analyse the financial reports by a specialist. Activity 5 Objective To understand how to allocate funds according to budget and agreed priorities. Activity Describe3 points that are discussed/are important when considering the functioning of budgets: 1. Clear authority, responsibility, and accountability 2. Establishment of priorities 3. Collaborative, consultative decisions In essence, explain what a budget is and what it tells us? A budget is an itemized summary of likely income and expenses for a given period. It helps you determine whether you can grab that bite to eat or should head home for a bowl of soup. It is typically created using a spreadsheet, and it provides a concrete, organized, and easily understood breakdown of how much money you have coming in and how much you are letting go. It is an invaluable tool to help you prioritize your spending and manage your money—no matter how much or how little you have. Large establishments will have severalShow MoreRelatedManage Finances with a Budget663 Words   |  3 PagesManage Finances Within A Budget Submitted by: Nico Antonio A. Serafin Submitted to: Ma’am Lorejen Salise Based on the variance/diversion report of the TAFE Island Holiday Resort, me and my business partner have interpreted the figures listed in the report and have offered remedies to improve their budget performance. This is their income report: Income Actual Budget Variance TAFE Restaurant $233,278 $205,000 $ 28,278 TAFE Bar $ 36,500 $ 51,300 $ (14,800) Island CoffeeRead MoreCU2691 Support Individuals To Manage Their Finances937 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿CU2691 Support Individuals to Manage Their Finances. 1. Know how to access information and advice about financial affairs. 1.1 Identify sources of information and advice about methods and services for managing personal finances. Citizens Advice Bureau Financial Services Financial Advisor (Bank) Internet websites Council Offices 1.2 Identify sources of information and advice about benefits and allowances. County Council Benefits Office www.gov.uk/browse/benefits/entitlement 1.3 Describe the roleRead MoreAO2/A03 How Steve Brankin manages people, finances and resources with in Asidua2854 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿AO2/A03 How Steve Brankin manages people, finances and resources with in Asidua In Asidua the management of people, finances and resources under Steve are central to business success. He undertakes this huge managerial task in a number of ways. Interviewing Steve gave me a great insight into these methods. Managing People Recruitment, Retention and Training of Employees. Employees in Asidua have to go through a short listing process and a job interview. Jobs are advertised on theirRead MoreA Study Of Fund Management And Assets Allocation Over Time991 Words   |  4 PagesThe field of Finance is the study of fund management and assets allocation over time, in other words, it is the money making industry. 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Key activities of the finance department: Firstly, one of the key activities of the finance department is to maintain a check on the costs/outgoingsRead MoreManage finance within own area of responsibility in health and social care or children and young people’s settings5025 Words   |  21 PagesLM1c – Lead and manage a team within a health and social care or children and young people’s setting The difference between Managing and Leading Stephen R. Covey’s The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People: described the difference between management and leadership as â€Å"Management is efficiency in climbing the ladder of success; leadership determines whether the ladder is leaning against the right wall.† The differences can be seen as:- ï‚ § Managers develop policies and procedures. Leaders developRead MoreThe Major Sub Areas Of Finance1156 Words   |  5 Pages1. Define the terms finance and financial management, and identify the major sub-areas of finance. Finance is the study of applying specific value to things we own, services we use and decisions we make. Financial management is the process for and the analysis of making financial decisions in the business context. The major subareas of finance are investments, financial management, financial institutions, market, and international finance. Risk is a potential future negative impact to value andRead MoreStudent Success Course For College1561 Words   |  7 Pageshowever lower and eliminate your financial debt you may fall into. Because of the amount of money required to spend on finances budgeting can help you manage this bump in the road. Having a monthly budget helps you with pre-planning so you can maintain a higher goal that is constantly evolving. Especially in your potential career in order to succeed in order to help with my finances and limit as much debt as possible. 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Importance of Satellites in Maritime Domain free essay sample

The launch of Sputnik satellite by USSR on 4th October 1957, was the start of space age. More than 4500 objects have been launched beyond the earth’s atmosphere in the 54 years and about 1100 are actively orbiting. This reflects the realities of the era where information dominance has become synonymous with power. Forces on land, sea and air, missile launches, detection of radars, direction of weapons after launch can be detected by satellites-spies in the sky. These satellites can provide information to navigate with accuracy, to communicate with certainty, to strike with precision and to see the battlefield with clarity. Presently, space has become an integral component of any military planning and satellites are used for force enhancement in form of surveillance, reconnaissance, communications, navigation, missile warning. 2. Due to emerging and diversified nature of maritime warfare, maritime operations conducted on, under, or over the sea are becoming technologically and operationally challenging day after day. Maritime security has become a hot issue of the world for the past two decades. Navies from all over the world are trying to find methods and apply strategies that will enforce passive or sometimes active measures, in order to ensure maritime safety in both territorial and international waters. Vigilance is a priority, especially when the sea lines of communication (SLOC) are the ways where our adversary and terrorists use in their own interests. In this complex maritime warfare, it is pivotal to continuously maintain recognized maritime picture (RMP) using all available resources. 3. The Indian Ocean has always been the hub of International power politics due to its strategic location, inherent rich natural resources and vital trade routes. We have witnessed that the Indian Ocean in general and Arabian Sea in particular has become the theatre for the power struggle in the 21st century. PN participation in Maritime Interdiction Operations, Counter Piracy deployment, and recent terrorist attacks on PN personnel and assets has further enhanced our reasonability to be more vigilant and maintain a maritime situational awareness in the Area of Responsibility (AOR). To aintain maritime situational awareness in maritime warfare, satellite technology is being used effectively by various countries of the world including India for civilian and military purposes. IMPORTANCE OF SATELLITES Space is a domain, like air, land and sea and it has become a critical part in every other battlefield. The experiments have begun in the space domain due to the fact that space is by far the most efficient area to apply new technologies that need to be shared worldwide through operation centers. The quest for dominance of ultimate high group, the space, is no more restricted to global powers. In strategic terms, it is now equally relevant to regional players. Freedom to access space or space based system is analogous to freedom at sea. If a country cannot dominate space, its naval-based systems will have little relevance in defending its territorial integrity and freedom. Space programmes can be used for both civilian and military purposes. Orbital imagers and communications satellites are prime examples of dual-use technologies. Present day satellites are capable of providing resolution of less than 10 cm i. e. the satellites are able to differentiate between the objects which are 10 cm apart. Satellites serve as a tool for acquiring vital information in diverse fields of interest like communications, weather forecasting, television broadcasting, navigation, reconnaissance and for searching new resources on earth. Satellites are also extensively used to detect and record radio and radar transmissions while over foreign territory enabling location of missile defence radar systems and deduction of their performance/characteristics. It is prudent to mention that there are at least four types of satellites which are very important to Maritime warfare. TYPES OF SATELLITES AND LATEST ADVANCEMENTS IN SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY They are as follows: a. Military Communications satellites b. Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites c. Radio Intercept satellites Electronic Eavesdropping d. Surveillance satellites Spies in the sky MILITARY COMMUNICATION SATELLITES During the Iraq war in 2003, more than 80% of the communications used by the Allied forces were carried out by communication satellites. The technology of satellites made it possible for a war in Asia to be directed from thousands of kilometers away. Ships far out at sea provided support in the form of planes, cruise missiles, helicopters, and personnel. Satellites provided secure and reliable communications and made it possible to coordinate various operations conducted by these widely scattered forces. GPS SATELLITES Satellites can be used for targeting. Missiles, shells and bombs all are now outfitted with GPS receivers enabling them to steer a precise course to a predefined target. GPS satellites have made it possible in first Gulf war to drop a single bomb instead of 10 bombs which were previously required on a average to destroy a target with a consequential reduction in collateral damage. RADIO INTERCEPT SATELLITES-ELECTRONIC EAVESDROPPING The use of specialized satellites to eavesdrop on radio communications (COMMINT) and to analyse radar and other military singals (SIGNIT) is still shrouded in secrecy. Location of wanted person can be obtained via satellites nowadays. SURVEILLANCE SATELLITES – SPIES IN THE SKY Satellites fly across the sky unimpeded by borders. Surveillance satellites carrying cameras with long telescope attached explicitly seeking military information are called spy satellites. If they have a suitable radio receiver they can listen in as well to whatever radio signals are being transmitted below, and this sort of satellite usually has a military objective. Modern spy satellites take pictures at a distance of 250 km or more through a telescope. It takes images automatically to a predetermined schedule. The images may be radioed to ground immediately subjected that friendly ground station is within the sight of the satellite. Spy satellites are made to ‘see it all, see it well and see it now’. See it all meant wide area coverage, see it well meant high resolution and see it now meant a system that got the images to the photo-interpreter in minutes not days. Present day spy satellites resolve objects on the earth’s surface of about 10 cm (4 inches) in size from an altitude of 250 Km. During the Cold War, the main role of spy satellites was strategic, now the priority of spy satellites gradually changes from strategic to tactical. The tactical requirements of forces engaged in regional wars are much more immediate and explicit. The modern way to address those requirements is to use unmanned aircraft (UAV). Spy satellites remain the only way to get information deep inside another country without the permission of its government and without creating a diplomatic incident. They can detect large-scale troop movements, and thus act as a trip wire to alert neighboring governments to impeding attack. The advance warning given by satellite images allows time for diplomatic initiatives to prevent war or at worst to allow the adversary to prepare its forces to defend against the massing troops. Surveillance satellites reduce the occurrence of military false alarms, and they provide the factor of time that eliminates hair-trigger control of weapons of mass destruction. India-Pakistan, Israel-Arab, Iraq-Iran, North and South Korea, China-Taiwan are some of the flash points that could easily escalate into a regional or even world conflict. Surveillance satellites play an important role in keeping these flash points from blowing up into major confrontations. Most of the countries with a nuclear force also have spy satellites. These satellites allow them to avoid the hair trigger approach to nuclear weapon control, and rely to a great extent instead on unambiguous information about the deployment of its adversary’s forces, both conventional and nuclear. INDIAN SATELLITE AMBITIONS The early 21st century saw India strike out in new directions. Although India’s first satellite, Aryabhata, was launched in 1980. Indian space ambitions grew at such a pace that the country was able to challenge both its Asian rivals, China and Japan, with a lunar program. India at last achieved the vision outlined in the 1960s of not only building its own geosynchronous communication satellites, but launching them itsels through a new powerful launcher, the GSLV, making it fully slefsufficient in its space technology. This paved the way for India to send its own astronauts into space, making it one of the space superpowers and an Asian challenge to China. India ranks fifth in the realm of spy satellite after US, Russia, France and China. Although countries like UK, Germany and Japan have orbiting satellites, out of these a few of them are spy satellites but for intelligence and reconnaissance they depend on the United States. Despite limited resources, India has and is continuing to develop a broad based space programme with indigenous launch vehicles, satellites, control facilities and data processing. Since its first satellite was orbited by the USSR in 1975 and its first domestic space launch was conducted in 1980, India has become a true space country. Present generation Indian remote sensing and communication satellites are comparable to many space systems produced by USA, Russia or France. The Indian Space Research Organisation was founded in 1969 and is currently under the department of space. The activities related to satellites, launch vehicles and applications are carried out at numerous centres throughout the country. The Indian satellite programme spans over a wide range of activities from communication to remote sensing satellites, it is the remote sensing satellite capability equipped with high resolution space based imagery that will be deliberated upon during this seminars. Over the last three decades, India has achieved an enviable progress in the space systems. The space programme has become largely self-reliant with capability to design and build its own satellites for providing space services. Salient of the Space programme will be covered shortly to understand their implications on Pakistan. INDIAN SATELLITE CAPABILITY India invested heavily in satellite technology and had launched its first satellite named Aryabhata on 19 April 1975 and it worked until April 1980. India’s second satellite, Bhaskhara 1, launched on 7 June 1979 and carried two low-resolution television cameras with a resolution of 1km. Bhaskhara 2 was launched in June 1981 into the orbit and burned up on 30 Nov 1991. Both the satellites were constructed by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. The Indian space research includes two agencies, Indian National Satellite (INSAT) and the Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) Satellites. First the INSAT. This includes: a. INSAT-I . INSAT-1 provided geostationary platforms for simultaneous domestic communications and earth observation functions. The INSAT-1 system is a multi-purpose satellite, including telecommunication and television broadcasts. In addition it also provides a detailed weather and disaster-warning service. b. INSAT 2 Series. These were indigenously produced and later versions were planned to be carried by Indias own GSLV launcher. It has a Very High Resolution Radiometer (VHRR) with imaging in Visible, Thermal Infrared and Water Vapour channels. A Charge Coupled Device (CCD) camera provides 11 km ground resolution in the Visible, near Infrared and Shortwave Infrared bands. INSAT 3 SERIES c. INSAT-3AThis multipurpose satellite was launched in April 2003. The payload, besides many other accessories for communication purposes, houses VHRR, a CCD camera and a Satellite Aided Search and Rescue (SASR) system which acts as a relay for signals from distress beacons in sea, air or land. e. INSAT-3BLaunched in March 2000, it incorporates a Mobile Satellite Services (MSS) payload with forward link between the hub and mobile station. f. INSAT-3C Launched in January 2002, INSAT-3C payloads include 24 Normal C-band transponders and an MSS payload similar to that on INSAT-3B. g. INSAT-3E Launched in September 2003, it carries a communication payload. h. KALPANA-1It is an exclusive meteorological satellite launched by PSLV in September 2002. It carries VHRR and DRT payloads to provide meteorological services. j. INSAT-4ALaunched in December 2005 by the European Ariane launch vehicle, it provides a coverage polygon with footprint covering Indian main land with expanded radiation patterns encompassing Indian geographical boundary, area beyond India in southeast and northwest regions. k. INSAT-4CR The GSLV-F04 housing the 4CR was launched successfully on 2nd September 2007. It is the largest satellite launched by an Indian launcher so far and houses state of the art gadgetry for communication and surveillance. l. GSAT-2Launched in May 2003, GSAT-2 carries four Normal C-band, two Ku-band transponders and an MSS payload similar to those on INSAT-3B. m. EDUSAT Configured for audio-visual medium employing digital interactive classroom lessons and multimedia content, EDUSAT was launched in September 2004 and designed to cater for educational requirements. n. HAMSAT Launched in May 2005, HAMSAT is an application-specific micro-satellite designed to provide satellite based Radio Amateur Services. SATELLITE NAVIGATION The Indian Government approved the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), consisting of a seven satellite constellation – three in Geo Stationary Orbit (GSO) and four in Near-GSO. IRNSS management structure for system implementation has been established and detailed system definition work has begun. IRNSS is expected to provide position accuracies comparable to the declared position accuracies by other global constellations in a region centred over India and extending to adjoining areas. MASTER CONTROL FACILITY (MCF) MCF provides ‘in orbit operation’ of geostationary satellites. 7 are controlled from MCF Hassan and two from MCF Bhopal. MCF Hassan has an integrated facility consisting of seven satellite control earth stations. MCF, Bhopal, is configured with 11 m diameter full motion antenna and three 7. 2 m diameter limited motion antenna. IRS INDIAN REMOTE SENSING SATELLITE The IRS is Indias first domestic dedicated earth resources satellite program and an element of the national natural resource management system. IRS is an Indian program to develop an indigenous capability to image earth, the Indian Ocean region in general and Pakistan and India in particular. Its mission is ground water exploration, land use, forest flood mapping. The IRS series includes IRS 1 and IRS P series. First IRS 1 series:- a. IRS-1A Launched on 17 march 1988, it is used for monitoring land and sea resources. It has a resolution of 36 m with a revisit time of 11 days. b. IRS-1B It was launched on 29 August 1991. It is also used for monitoring land and sea resources. Its capabilities are similar to IRS-1A. c. IRS-1C It was launched on 28 December 1995. Excellent for large-area monitoring, its ground resolution is 10 m with a revisit time of 6 days. d. IRS-1D Launched in September 1997, IRS-1D using the PSLV was placed in an elliptical orbit, instead of a circular orbit. It is being used to map and monitor calamities. Its ground resolution is 5. 8 m with a revisit time of 5 days. e. IRS-1ELaunched on 20 September 1993, it was the first Indian indigenous effort to place any satellite in sun-synchronous orbital. This mission was a failure. f. IRS-P2 It was launched on 15 October 1994. It is used to complement IRS series and oceanography. g. IRS-P3 IRS-P3 was launched on 21 march 1996. This was the third test launch of the PSLV. Its ground resolution is 188 m. h. IRS-P4 Also known as OCEANSAT-1, it was launched successfully on 26 May 1999 for gathering information related to water vapour and conducting fisheries survey and development of a fisheries forecast model. Its ground resolution is 188 m. g. IRS-P5. Also known as the CARTOSAT, it was launched on 22 Oct 2001. It is intended for cartographic applications and is reported to have a pan camera with a resolution of 1 2. 5 meters. It has a revisit time of 5 days. h. IRS-P6 It was launched in October 2003. Also known as the RESOURCESAT-1, the IRS-P6, is reported to have a high resolution multi-spectral camera with 5. m resolution. j. IRS-P7 The eleventh in the IRS series known as CARTOSAT-1. It was launched on 5th May 2005. It is for cartographic purposes provided with 2 panchromatic cameras with 2. 5 m resolution. It would take one year (125 data days) to map our country with an average 14 orbits per day. This image shows the first picture taken by cartosat-1 and presented to the president of India. k. Technology Experiment Satellite (TES) Launched in Oct 01, TES demonstrates and validate technologies that could be used in the future cartographic atellite missions. This includes phased array antenna, improved satellite positioning system and two-mirror-on-axis camera optics. TES also carries a panchromatic camera with a spatial resolution of 1 m. l. CARTOSAT-2 Launched by PSLV-C7 on January 10, 2007, CARTOSAT-2 is an advanced remote sensing satellite carrying a panchromatic camera capable of providing scene specific spot imageries. This camera is designed to provide imageries with one meter spatial resolution and a swath of 10 km. The satellite is configured for multi-scene imaging capability. Another remarkable achievement by the Indian Space program is that it has attained the ability to launch satellites using its own space launching vehicles. INDIAN SPACE LAUNCH VEHICLES India has created an impressive space capability without vast funding or detailed foreign assistance. It has a range of launch vehicles able to place surveillance satellites into relatively low orbit and communications satellites into geostationary orbit. From 1972 to 1980, the Indian satellites were placed in the orbit by using soviet boosters, however, from eighties onwards, Indians concentrated on the development of launcher and propulsion units. In early eighties, Indians developed indigenous SLVs which could carry a small satellite weighing around 40 kgs. During late eighties Indians developed augmented space launched Vehicles or ASLVs capable of carrying around 150 kgs. ASLVs were used till 1994. India developed Polar SLVs during the mid nineties providing the capability of launching satellites into the sun synchronous orbits. Indians are now developing geo-synchronous SLVs. So far India has launched 03 GSLV series rockets. FUTURE INDIAN SPACE PROGRAMME India is poised to become the next space power of the world after America, Russia and China. New space launching sites and other ground facilities will be created during the next two decades. There are calls in India to prepare an affordable long-term plan to build space-based surveillance assets, theatre surveillance with unmanned air vehicles, stand-off plat-forms, precision guidance systems, and anti-missile defenses. 16. By year 2011, India plans to develop a space weapons for intercepting hostile satellites. It also envisions to create or modified missile defense systems to intercept satellites. India is also developing a â€Å"Kinetic Attack Loitering Interceptor† acronym â€Å"kali† based on civilian micro satellite technology. It’s a free lance satellite which could be used to collide with target satellites. In field of offensive satellite weapons, India is also working on laser technologies for military applications since the mid-1990s. India is interested in directed energy weapons and space-based lasers, and reportedly DRDO has allocated funds for this project. India plans to launch its first manned spaceship between 2011-12. India plans to compete with foreign commercial clients in space technology. Indian booster rockets are considerably cheaper than US launchers. The service time of an average Indian satellite is twice as long as that of its Russian counterpart. Space capsule recovery experiment was intended for demonstrating the capability to recover an orbiting space capsule. The test was successfully completed on 22 Jan 07 under project SRE-1. Chandrayan Pritham, India’s first moon mission, reached on the Moon successfully on 22nd October 2008 and she became the sixth country to reach the Moon, after US, Russia, Japan, Europe and China. Indian Space officials began to put together a second lunar mission, called Chandrayan-2 and is tentatively planned in 2012. Chandrayan-3 has been planned in 2015. By the 21st century, at a time when Japan found that it had to restrict its space ambitions, India had, by contrast, developed the self-confidence to make further steps forward, mounting its first deep space mission, Chandrayan, to the Moon and then carrying out the steps preparatory to manned flight. GSLV fulfilled a 30-year vision of self sufficiency in space domain. IMPLICATIONS FOR IOR/PN Unlike India, Pakistan lacks its own surveillance satellites. Presently we obtain imagery from commercial sources, which in recent years has included images with resolutions of better than 1m. These sources of imagery are adequate in peacetime, but it remains to be if-in time of tension with India-Pakistan will compelled to orbit a spy satellite of its own. The civil cooperation sought from NASA and Russian Space Programme was secretly diverted towards military applications. CIA is on the record to put ISRO in sensitive technology proliferation list for smuggling of space rocket design and super computers for missile programme under the garb of civil space exploration. As discussed, many space-based and satellite systems are inherently dual-use technologies, with both civilian and military applications. Civil communications satellites used for info and PSYOPS can also be applied to military communications. The information provided by navigation and meteorological satellites can be used by the military commanders for planning manoeuvres. Indian satellite programme, though mainly proclaimed as civilian, carries enormous potential for military planners and has serious implications for Pakistan. Remote-imaging, earth observation and surveillance satellites are potentially the most important of these dual-use space systems. There are many features that may be considered in characterising the usefulness of a satellite imaging system – as satellite imagery is the matter of immediate concern. Of all the features two remains vitally important; revisit time and the resolution. Revisit time may be defined as the elapsed time after which a satellite would pass over a particular point. The discussion of resolution can become highly complex but put in simple words it may be defined as the minimum separation between two similar objects needed for an imaging system to distinguish the objects as two rather than one. At present there are five Indian remote sensing satellites orbiting the earth in a sun-synchronous orbit. However, IRS -1D can be pointed off the orbit, which allows two to four days revisits to specific sites. Satellite imagery with onboard cameras is limited to day time only. However, IR sensors and radar may al11so be used during the dark hours but these facilities need sophisticated technology and are non-existent on the Indian remote sensing satellites at present. As regard the resolution, the Indian satellites, IRS-1C, 1D, 2A Cartosat-1 (P-5) and Resourcesat-1 (P-6) are capable of sending down images of 5. metres resolution. Though the present capabilities with 5. 8 metres resolution and sun synchronous satellites in the orbit provide valuable intelligence information, it is the future capability which is dreaded the most as it will severely tilt the military balance in India’s favour by providing images of 1 metre resolution and all round coverage with the help of a geo -synchronous satellite placed over the Arabian Sea. It implies that without sending any surveillance aircraft or ship, Indian Navy would be able to monitor with impunity every activity happening on the surface of north Arabian Sea. As apparent this would provide extremely valuable information to Indian navy and would at the same time severely degrade and limit the operating options that PN may otherwise have. Space has become the crucial theatre in which all future military conflicts would be decided. For the time being, India may not be able use weapons of destruction from space, although that day may well arrive sooner than expected, yet the information and the data necessary to conduct a major war on earth, now depends almost entirely on the satellites orbiting the planet. Use of such information for target acquisition during Kargil crisis, is a case in point. In addition India has the facilities of LAND Satellite of USA, SPOT satellite of France, COSMOS of Russia and OFEQ and EROS of Israel. The resolution of these satellites is considered to be sufficient for pinpointing strategic defence installations, natural or man-made obstacles, large missile sites, armour concentration, precise airfield locations and other built up areas. These satellites provide Indians with a better-centralized command and control over her military forces. The meteorological data received through these satellites has tremendous military applications for obvious reasons. Additionally mapping of the sub continent through these satellites would provide India with an accurate cartographic picture for the launching of its long-range ballistic missiles. In addition, following are the military purposes, which would conversely high light the implications for IOR in general and PN in particular are: a. India, with a series of spy satellites for continuous surveillance of Indian ocean / Pakistani territory, can detect any major mobilisation of troops and pin pointing ships in harbour or at sea. . India can map and find the depth of creeks and shallows in Arabian sea for future naval operation against Pakistan in sub-surface and amphibious domains. c. Indian satellites with EW and SIGINT pay load would be posing the greatest threat to Pakistan. It can effectively intercept and in future can jam the signal and radar transmissions, not to mention v ulnerability of our microwave and digital communications. d. India, in collaboration with US space agencies, may be able to detect submarines by blue/green lasers. e. India is able to carryout intelligence of all types of equipments and infrastructure especially relating to coastal defence, jetties and harbours for naval operations. f. India can pinpoint VAs and VPs which can be later used for strategic targeting. g. Ensuring continuous flow of information for updating the battlefield at various military Headquarters. h. To carryout Continuous monitoring of build up and movement of logistics. j. Provision of essential guidance data for missiles. k. India can carryout BDA (Battle Damage Assessments) for economy of efforts and further attacks planning. l. The missile attack by own submarines can be monitored thus providing some early warning to India. m. Improved command and control system will enhance performance of Indian armed forces. Resulting in increased coordination through network centric capabilities. OPTIONS AVAILABLE TO PAKISTAN/PN AND SATELLITE COUNTERMEASURES Satellites especially surveillance satellites had the greatest impact on human history of any form of space activity in the past 54 years. Satellites seem expensive but time has proven that they are the most cost-effective options for achieving objectives of communication, surveillance, weather forecasting etc. A small fleet of satellites is more effective than a similarly priced suite of ships, buoys, and weather stations. Keeping in view the fast pace of Indian satellite programme, here the panel would like to propose options in terms of long and short term measures. a. Option 1. As a long term measure indigenous satellite be launched at the earliest which would have following advantages: Advantages. (1)Speedy and reliable means of communication. (2)Security aspect is well covered as the satellite will be indigenously built. (3)Availability during war time. 4)Control of the satellite will be in our hands. b. Option 2. As a short term measure Pakistan should continue using the hired satellite services from other countries. However, this would have following disadvantages: Disadvantages. (1)High cost (2)Less secure as services may be security compromised. (3)Dependency on others. (4)Less assurance during war time. COUNTERMEASURES Countermeasures against satellites reconnaissance are fairly limited. Of the possible measures that could be used in the future, passive measures are immediately available and are not inherently provocative. The application of camouflage, concealment, and deception to hide military forces and to obstruct the overhead viewing of other strategic assets may provide some protection against satellite reconnaissance. Over land the camouflage may work to some extent but the options are further reduced once we talk of sea borne operations. A surface ship at sea can virtually do nothing to hide from the sharp eyes of an imagery satellite. The active countermeasures that are talked about these days are anti satellite weapons (ASAT), jamming or spoofing signal from satellites or the disruption of the ground stations. A satellite system typically involves a constellation of units in orbit; shooting down enough satellites to cripple a system becomes difficult by ASAT, even if such a system existed. ASAT weapons using Lasers or Kinetic devices could eliminate a satellite without producing much debris, but they have yet to be fielded. This option will also have several binding from international community. Jamming (the blocking of a transmitted signal by overpowering it with noise) and spoofing (the deliberate alteration or replacement of a signal with a false one) could be more readily available means of countering a satellite but each has limitations. Ground stations can be jammed, and the jamming might even be made to seem innocent interference. Preventing satellite signals from reaching ground stations or receivers is feasible, but effectiveness depends on the type of signal involved. It, however, implies that most of these techniques can only be effective if applied from a satellite system. A more subtle possibility is to spoof the telemetry, tracking, and control (TT C) signals from a ground station. These signals tell satellites when to turn on and off, when to conduct maintenance routines, and how to position themselves. A satellite system could be rendered inoperative by simply manipulating the TT C signals so as to instruct all satellites in a system to disable themselves. Commercial imagery and communication signals are more likely to be susceptible to jamming and spoofing, but not wholly. While not â€Å"frequency agile† in the military sense, they are able to shift frequencies and to some extent are spoof resistant. However, localised jamming of communications and imagery downloads might be possible if one knows where to jam. Simple deception can also lower the utility of commercial imagery. It can be made useless by effective camouflage, or smoke, or by moving activities underground; these traditional options are available to anyone wanting to avoid the gaze of an imagery satellite. The effectiveness of their application would vary from case to case and in any case these are relatively easy to apply over land than at sea. Disruption of ground stations could be the most effective means against a satellite system. The most straight forward way to disrupt ground stations is simply to destroy them. All satellite systems require some degree of control from the ground. It must , however, be kept in mind that destroying ground stations controlling satellite systems may not be an easy task in itself as they may be heavily defended and any such attempt is more likely to have other serious consequences. 39. GM every capability has a counter. So is the case in the Indian Satellite systems. Pakistan can apply measures to manipulate objects and terrain to partly conceal information to satellites. These counter measures can mainly be divided into active and passive counter measures. First of all active counter measures a. Active Counter MeasuresThese measures include application of ECMS and destruction of the satellites. Exercising this option demands the most formidable technological feat. This entails raising SUPARCO’s capabilities to having a self sufficient satellite launching capabilities, sensor technology and tracking system to identify space objects and their missions. The magnitude of resources and technological acumen needed for active counter measures is enormous and would entail extensive research and development programs to be undertaken. Destruction of the satellite is a costly option. However, if the ground based satellite command facilities, which either control the satellite or receives data from it are destroyed, it would render the satellite unusable. Strategic offensive strikes therefore should include such ground installations. b. Passive Counter MeasuresThese measures include manipulation of objects and terrain within our territory, without interfering in any way with the operation of satellites. Unfortunately these measures are not an assured towards negation of the satellite threat posed. Some of the possible passive counter measures include: I)Concealment Any activity, which involves men and material movement on ground can be detected with relative ease. Concealment of moving targets is difficult by artificial means. The fact that the whole territory is within the view of satellite has to be taken into account for planning movements. This can be achieved by dodging the satellite. Movement will go undetected, if it can be initiated and completed during the blind swath period over our territory. This technique involves exploitation of the satellite orbital characteristics. (2)Exploiting Sensor Limitationvarious types of sensors onboard a satellite have their own limitations. If we can ascertain the type of sensors installed in the satellite through various intelligence sources, limitations of these specific sensors can be exploited. For instance if a satellite is installed with monochromic (black and white picture with less resolution) camera, it can be effectively defeated by making use of ordinary camouflage techniques. (3)CamouflageWith the availability of sensors operating in ultra violet, visible, infrared and microwave frequencies and having techniques of information extraction based on the analysis of characteristics the conventional principles are not fully valid. Therefore conventional principles of camouflage must be augmented with emission absorbent techniques for effective concealment. A peculiar example in this case is shown on the next slide. This is a conventional barracuda camouflage net used over air defence sensors. The small metal rings distinguish this from other nets. These metal rings dissipate the EM waves spread over almost whole of the EM spectrum, hence enabling it to remain undetected. But perhaps no effective method exists to conceal strategic installation like harbors, permanent air bases, steel factories, oil refineries and other large industrial complexes. 4)DeceptionTo make detection difficult and time consuming, deception must be employed along with the camouflaging in a planned manner. Deception is the technique to make real objects appear unreal and dummies appear the real objects. Decoys or dummies of ships, aircraft, tanks, artillery, armored vehicles etc. should be placed in concentration or suitably dispersed and with partial camouflage to lend realism to the deception. 40. From the preceding discussion it can be appreciated that satellite reconnaissance and surveillance is unique in the sense that it cannot be completely defeated, fooled, or sabotaged. Overt and covert, anti-satellite measures are neither fully effective nor fully existent. Keeping in view these limitations the panel puts forth few recommendations in order to address this increasing menace which could prove decisive in any future conflict. a. Research and Development. Extensive efforts in the field of RD in order to improve the existing organization of SUPARCO should be undertaken in order to gain sufficient expertise in space based technologies. India is known to have inducted a large number of experts from former Soviet Union, Yogoslavia and Czech Republic. Pakistan can adopt a similar assistance package. b. As a passive countermeasure, planning of operations should be carried out with due cognizant to time and space being scanned by the enemy satellites. c. Camouflage and deception if planned carefully, reasonable chances exists of deceiving the satellites. Therefore a comprehensive plan should be chalked out and rehearsed periodically. d. SUPARCO should be part of or atleast have a fair representation in the planning and conduct phases of military operations. e. General standard of awareness in our armed forces with regard to the capabilities of satellites is negligible. A concerted effort is needed to create awareness about the satellites and space. f. Although, the anti satellite technology is a costly option, however due regards in research and development should be given for acquisition of this vital technology in the long run. CONCLUSION Maritime situational awareness has compelled the today’s Fleet Maritime commander to have encrypted communicated with his ships at sea, with planes and missiles in the air during war and peace time. We need reliable and encrypted communications and that has been made possible by today’s technologically advanced and sophisticated satellites which are capable of concealing the signals by a variety of clever techniques and also capable of shutting the jamming signal. At the same time, fleet commander he needs continuous RMP be maintained by a wide range of sensors including satellite or air surveillance to exploit the maritime environment. Throughout history, organization and strategy have continually undergone profound, technology-driven changes. Today, information and space revolution implies the rise of an era in which neither mass nor mobility will decide outcomes; instead, the side that knows more, that can disperse the fog of war, yet enshroud an adversary in it, will enjoy decisive advantages. Despite the immense benefits for economic well being of a country, the space has also become the new high ground for Military Commanders to direct future conflicts. Space technology now promises to resolve many traditional problems of a military commander by becoming his eyes and ears. This technology will allow future commanders to employ his gadgets at the time and place of own choosing. Indian aspirations of dominating the IOR through its space based technology will have far reaching affects to the littoral states in general and Pakistan in particular. The fact needs to be realized and profoundly addressed. RECOMMENDATIONS We have discussed the range of possible countermeasures that are available against satellite reconnaissance. Now in absence of a sound satellite programme of our own and relatively crude technological base, it would rather be imprudent to talk of active countermeasures like Anti Satellite weapons and jamming or spoofing of a satellite or ground station from another satellite or a ground based station. The possible options narrow down to the passive measures and certain other activities which may not require much sophistication. a. As imagery is susceptible to weather and is effective only during daylight hours, all movements of ships and submarines out of harbour be planned in dark hours during tension period or in wartime. This would deny the much needed real time information that would otherwise be available about the movement of naval assets. b. Covered sheds and pens be constructed for submarines and aircrafts, and once in harbour or at their bases, the units should remain continuously under the protection of these shelters. Such an exercise would help denying valuable information about normal peace time activities as well as movement of units like submarines would virtually remain undetected by the eyes of a surveillance satellite if all such movements are conducted during dark hours. Ships, however, would remain susceptible to detection and only measure that can be adopted is the sailing of these assets at night which though not very viable solution would still be able to provide some degree of security about their movements . Better co-ordination amongst MHQ, NCS and SUPARCO for the exchange of information of satellites passing over the area of interest. d. These measures which are certainly not fool proof and remain susceptible to failure, are suggested as relatively short term measures. In order to offset this advantage and maintain equilibrium in this very important field, Pakistan has got no choice but to accelerate its satellite programme on war footing. This may be a very long term solution and results may not be visible in any shape in the foreseeable future yet its importance cannot be over emphasized. e. Apart from passive measures there remain yet another strategically offensive option and that is the destruction of ground stations. Important ground stations must be identified during peacetime and such an operation may only be undertaken during actual hostilities or just before they break out. As such an action is fraught with dangerous consequences the decision to undertake such missions would require approval by highest authority. In view of our limitations in space technology, here is some food for thought. Like India, sufficient funds be allocated to undertake various space projects. b. SUPARCO is about to launch satellite in near future which should be used to fulfil our communication and other requirements. c. There is an urgent requirement to collaborate within international consortiums for the development of a remote sensing system with at least 1 meter resolution in order to correct the regional technological imbalance. . Search for serious local/foreign investors to work for space projects. I would just say that despite the immense benefits for economic well being of country, the space has also become the new high ground for Military Commanders to direct future conflicts. Space technology now promises to solve many of the traditional problems of a military commander by becoming his eyes, ears and voice. This technology will allow the future commanders to employ it against adversary at the time and place of own choosing.