Prespectives on Personality Essay

The study of personality is one of the major topics of interest within psychology. Numerous personality theories exist, and most of the major ones fall in to one of four major perspectives. Each of these perspectives on personality attempts to describe different patterns in personality, including how these patterns form and how people differ on an individual level. The Psychoanalytic Perspective The  psychoanalytic perspective  of personality emphasizes the importance of early childhood experiences and the unconscious mind. This perspective on personality was created by psychiatrist Sigmund Freud who believed that things hidden in the unconscious could be revealed in a number of different ways, including through dreams, free association and slips of the tongue. Neo-Freudian theorists, including Erik Erikson, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler and  Karen Horney, believed in the importance of the unconscious, but disagreed with other aspects of Freud’s theories. The Humanistic Perspective The humanistic perspective of personality focuses on psychological growth, free will and personal awareness. It takes a more positive outlook on human nature and is centered on how each person can achieve their individual potential. The Social Cognitive Perspective The social cognitive perspective of personality emphasizes the importance of observational learning, self-efficacy, situational influences and cognitive processes. Major Theorists and Their Theories: †¢ Sigmund Freud:  Stressed the importance of early childhood events, the influence of the unconscious and sexual instincts in the development and formation of personality. Erik Erikson:  Emphasized the social elements of personality development, the identity crisis and how personality is shaped over the course of the entire lifespan. †¢ Carl Jung:  Focused on concepts such as the collective unconscious,  archetypes  and psychological types. †¢ Alfred Adler:  Believed the core motive behind personality involves striving for superiority, or the desire to overcome challenges and move closer toward self-realiz ation. This desire to achieve superiority stems from underlying feelings of inferiority that Adler believed were universal. Karen Horney:  Focused on the need to overcome basic anxiety, the sense of being isolated and alone in the world. She emphasized the societal and cultural factors that also play a role in personality, including the importance of the parent-child relationship. What is the Trait Theory The trait approach to personality is one of the major theoretical areas in the study of personality. The trait theory suggests that individual personalities are composed broad dispositions. Consider how you would describe the personality of a close friend. Chances are that you would list a number of traits, such as  outgoing,  kind  and  even-tempered. A trait can be thought of as a relatively stable characteristic that causes individuals to behave in certain ways. The Trait Perspective The trait perspective of personality is centered on identifying, describing and measuring the specific traits that make up human personality. By understanding these traits, researchers believe they can better comprehend the differences between individuals Gordon Allport’s Trait Theory In 1936, psychologist  Gordon Allport  found that one English-language dictionary alone contained more than 4,000 words describing different personality traits.   He categorized these traits into three levels: †¢ Cardinal Traits:  Traits that dominate an individual’s whole life, often to the point that the person becomes known specifically for these traits. People with such personalities often become so known for these traits that their names are often synonymous with these qualities. Consider the origin and meaning of the following descriptive terms: Freudian, Machiavellian, narcissism, Don Juan, Christ-like, etc. Allport suggested that cardinal traits are rare and tend to develop later in life. 2 Central Traits:  These are the general characteristics that form the basic foundations of personality. These central traits, while not as dominating as cardinal traits, are the major characteristics you might use to describe another perso n. Terms such as  intelligent,  honest,shy  and  anxious  are considered central traits. †¢ Secondary Traits:  These are the traits that are sometimes related to attitudes or preferences and often appear only in certain situations or under specific circumstances. Some examples would be getting anxious when speaking to a group or impatient while waiting in line.

Danger of Isolation

Othello is a Shakespearean tragedy which depicts the incompatibility of military heroism and love; the danger of isolation. I personally think that Othello conveys the balance of human strengths and weaknesses amidst good and evil in society. In my opinion, Othello is a cultural and a racial outsider who is a bold, strong, courageous, naive and foolish. Throughout the play Othello represents the strengths and weaknesses in society. The villain, Iago is fascinating for his most terrible characteristic: his utter lack of convincing motivation for his actions. Iago is often funny, especially in his scenes with Roderigo, which serve as a showcase of Iago’s manipulative abilities. It is Iago’s talent for understanding and manipulating the desires of those around him that makes him both a powerful, evil and interesting character. I think that Iago represents those in society who desire power and vengeance. Desdemona is a more plausible, well-rounded figure than much criticism has given her credit for. Desdemona is at times a submissive character, most notably in her willingness to take credit for her own murder. Jealousy has the power to destroy. It destroys both Iago, jealous that Michael Cassio has received an appointment over him, and Othello, who is jealous that his wife may love Cassio. Many things can cause a person to choose to isolate themselves like: sickness, hurt feeling, confusion, fear, embarrassment, confrontation, loneliness, shame, anger and inferiority. These things are believed to carry a pain which cannot be shared with others and must be dealt with in seclusion. However, Isolation weakens your defenses. In the bible it states, â€Å"Though one may be overpowered, two can defend themselves. A cord of three strands is not broken easily† (Ecclesiastes 4: 12). This can interpreted that it is better surround your self with others company for greater forces. It is said that people who isolate themselves are sometimes arrogant. They believe that they are able to stand alone and fight battles. They should humble themselves because they could always use help. A person that is isolated is easier to defeat than someone who stands with an â€Å"army. † Shakespeare focuses more on the differences in color and age between Othello and Desdemona than Cinthio. Shakespeare does this to escalate Othello’s isolation from the rest of Venetian society and to display Othello’s vulnerability due to his color. In the tragedy not only is Othello susceptible to weaknesses but so is every major character. The tragedy reminds humans that even one’s good nature can be taken advantage of for the worse. The drama Othello expresses, through relationships and emotional attitudes, a theme that all humans are vulnerable to destruction even if they are in positions of power and glory. 1. No comments The action of Othello moves from the town of Venice to the island of Cyprus. Protected by military bases as well as by the forces of nature, Cyprus faces little threat from external forces. Once Othello, Iago, Desdemona, Emilia, and Roderigo have come to Cyprus, they have nothing to do but prey upon one another. Isolation enables many of the play’s most important effects: Iago frequently speaks to himself. Othello stands apart while Iago talks with Cassio in Act IV, scene i, and is left alone onstage with the bodies of Emilia and Desdemona for a few moments in Act V, scene ii; Roderigo seems attached to no one in the play except Iago. And Othello is visibly isolated from the other characters by his physical stature and the color of his skin. Iago is an expert at manipulating and isolating his victims so that they fall prey to their own obsessions. At the same time, Iago, of necessity always standing alone, falls prey to his own obsession with revenge. The characters cannot be islands, the play seems to say: self-isolation as an act of self-preservation leads ultimately to self-destruction. Such self-isolation leads to the deaths of Roderigo, Iago, Othello, and even Emilia.

Week 7 Conference Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Week 7 Conference - Essay Example Hemoglobin is the blood protein that transports oxygen (Cohen, 2013). Blood identification process gets referred to as ABO typing. The type of blood one has depends on the presence of blood proteins known as antigens in the red blood cells. The first step involves blood getting drawn from an individual and gets mixed with antibodies to determine the blood type (Cohen, 2013). The blood type gets determined on whether the blood agglutinates with the antibodies. The second step is called back typing where the liquid part of the blood gets mixed with blood that is either type A or B. Blood typing also gets carried out to determine the presence of rhesus factor on red blood cell surface. Jim got triaged in the resuscitation area. The staff present was a physician and two nurses. The physician who can be an M.D or D.O oversees the patient’s condition by conducting tests on the patient. The nurses administer the drugs to Jim as indicated by the physician. Aspirin got provided to Jim to act as an anticoagulant to prevent further clotting if possible. Morphine got provided to relieve pain or discomfort experienced by Jim. Nitroglycerine also gets provided to decrease blood pressure and increase blood flow by opening up blood vessels around the heart (Cohen, 2013). tPA gets provided to break down clots in the bloodstream around the heart. Principles of coronary bypass surgery: bring blood and oxygen to the heart muscle by creating a ‘bridge’ through a healthy artery. The blood passes over the blocked artery to ensure a normal blood flow down the blocked area. A heart attack refers to a situation where there is the occurrence of a sudden blockage in the coronary artery. This causes a stoppage of blood flow towards the heart muscle. This condition damages the heart muscle causing improper function of the heart. Heart failure implies that the heart’s pumping power is lower than normal (Cohen, 2013).

Harvard Business Review Competitive Forces Paper Essay - 1

Harvard Business Review Competitive Forces Paper - Essay Example In the context of each organization IT can be both an advantage and a disadvantage in regard to a firm’s competitiveness. The specific role of IT is presented below using examples, as appropriate, for making the relevant views clearer. 2. IT and Porter’s Five Forces on competition 2.1 How IT is intertwined with the effects of Porter's "Five Forces" on competition in a company's industry The Five Forces theory of Porter promotes the idea that in order to survive in its industry a company should identify a strategy for facing effectively five forces: a) the threats related to new entrants, b) threats from substitute products, c) the pressures from suppliers, d) the pressures from customers and e) the increasing competition within the industry (Roy 2011, p.26). In practice, it has been proved that in each organization IT could be intertwined with the effects of these Forces. IT could play this role in two different ways: it could either set in risk a company’s compe titive advantages or it could promote these advantages securing the competitiveness of a company. In fact, it seems that in each company IT can influence the performance of the company in regard to the management of all Forces, as including in the Porter’s Five Forces model. Reference should be made primarily to the potentials of IT to provide to firm critical information in regard to the local or the global market (Roy 2011, p.7). By having access to such information managers can identify strategies that can help the firm to face effectively all industry’s forces, as these forces are included in Porter’s Five Forces. For example, information on substitute products available in the market can lead a firm to make appropriate improvements on its existing products so that its market competitiveness is secured (Roy 2011, p.7). 2.2 Description of five specific areas where IT represents a risk to a company's competitive advantage - how IT affects these advantages IT c an set a firm’s competitive advantages into risk. Reference can be made, as an example, to the following areas of an organization: a) Internal communication networks; in most organizations, internal communication is based on IT systems (Naunheim 2011, p.1). The phenomenon is more intensive in organizations of medium/ large size where e-mail is used as the key tool of communication in the workplace (Naunheim 2011, p.1). Ineffective IT systems can cause severe communication problems among employees resulting to the delay or even the failure of organizational tasks (Naunheim 2011, p.1); b) Development of new products/ services; the competitiveness of all organizations is depended on their ability to create products/ services that will have an advantage compared those to the competitors’ (Dosi, Teece & Chytry 1998, p.216). However, in practice not all firms are able to develop such products/ services especially in the long term (Dosi, Teece & Chytry 1998, p.216). This weak ness has been made clear in the following case: IBM had been already a successful company when Apple appeared (Dosi, Teece & Chytry 1998, p.216). Still, it was Apple that managed to conquer the global market by emphasizing on personal computer’s capabilities, even more than IBM, the firm that first introduced the specific device (Dosi, Teece & Chytry 1998, p.216); c) Manufacturing process; today, the major part of each firm’s manufacturing processes is based on IT systems; however, the IT systems used in such activities are not always

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 55

Case Study Example This is because of the complicated legal, cultural and ethical challenges that come with the exclusive policies that China embodies as a nation. Ethics is a code of behavior that a particular society considers moral and appropriate for ensuring good relationships amongst them. Different counties have different laws and authorities that govern them and therefore, what seems right to a people of one nation may seem entirely wrong or even of criminal basis for the laws of the other nation. The PRC government considers Google as a major source of jeopardizing the security of the nation and divulging state security and promoting hatred among the people. According to the PRC, Google contributes to the spread of rumors as well as the promulgation of false news. Socially, the culture of the Chinese people felt disturbed by the actions of Google (Levy, 2011). Religion is an important factor in China and interfering with it creates the impression that one promotes evil cults. Legally speaking, the laws governing international business in the PRC are very tight. The control that the government has over businesses in the PRC is so enormous that freedom of operation is minimal. To work well with the government, some policies had to be set and Google Company had to follow them for successful business. The government has employed a number of methods to help control the online content and expression. This includes Website or IP address blocking and keyword filtering otherwise known as â€Å"The Great Firewall of China†. Under the policy of internet censorship, more than 2600 websites are currently under scrutiny in mainland China. These include Google+, YouTube, Facebook, Picasa, Word press, Dropbox and many others. Google therefore adhered to the PRC government policies and allowed Censorship. This included the removal several of its news sites from its news search engine in 2006. The PRC was of the idea that

Measurement in my prospective profession (or career). Civil Essay

Measurement in my prospective profession (or career). Civil engineering - Essay Example The process of photosynthesis takes place in the Chloroplasts with the help of green pigment present in plants, which is known as chlorophyll. A pigment is any substance that absorbs light. The process of photosynthesis mainly occurs in plant leaves with negligible amount of process in stems. Therefore we can call leaves as the â€Å"food factories† of plant. Oxygen is released as by-product due to this phenomenon. There is misconception in the minds of many people that plant takes nutrition from the soil but that is not the main food of the plant. Plants do absorb minerals from the soil but the main source of plant nutrition is dependent upon the photosynthesis. More than 10% CO2 of atmosphere is utilized by photosynthesis process therefore it has profound impact on the earth's atmosphere and climate. Mechanism of Photosynthesis In this process plants absorb water from the soil through the roots and channel it through the vascular bundles in the stems to the leaves. The leave s absorb carbon dioxide through the stomata. The sunlight is absorbed by the leaves with the help of chlorophyll (green pigment). In the presence of all these ingredients plant produces glucose which is the main food for its growth and nutrition.

Marketing Management College Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Management College - Assignment Example It has recently co-sponsored "The Kustom Jetty Surf Pro Junior" with prize moneyof $30,000AUD at Torquay, Fairhaven VIC from 8 January 2007to 14 January 2007. Clothing is one of basic human need and whole population is potential market for a clothing company. Though the company in question i.e. Jettysurf, presently doesn't have the capability in terms of presences as well as range of cloths, fulfilling the exact demand of all variety of customers, at every place. So it has to take up a portion of the total market for which it can provide its offerings with its current resources. Jettysurf is having around 20 stores which are mainly located in Southern and western part of Australia, and it has one website which is providing only information about Jettysurf, without any online ordering facility. Even if the website had an online order facility, customer would not have liked to order online, as for making a buying decision for cloths, customer normally likes to have a feel of cloth and fitting. This limits the total available market to population near the stores. Purchase of cloths can mainly be driven by various needs like replacement for torn or faded cloths, new cloths for some important occasion, change in anatomy like growing children or persons attending gym for slimming down and lastly just to be in latest fashion and to have some change. First reason can be more dominant for older people who would not like to change a cloth until it has been used fully. These are the people who have seen tough time in there life and are best described by Meredith Schewe and Karlovich (cited in Kotler 2003) as The Dispersion Cohort, The Word War II Cohort and The Post wart Cohort and are above 55 yrs age. This group can also have younger people also but relatively in less number. Purchase decision due to this reason sees a static demand of cloths throughout the year and this group sees cloth as means of covering up the body, though decently. Occasion based purchases are more concentrated during festive seasons or on personal events like birthdays, marriages or anniversaries and this group generally encompasses all age groups. Purchases done just for a change are normally seen in youth, Young at hearts or in one having low responsibility and having disposable income. Since cloths are being purchased for being in latest fashion (which also changes relatively rapidly), to accommodate physical changes or just to satisfy urge for shopping, purchase rate is high in this segment. Further, these impulsive or fashion driven purchase act is relatively seen more in females. This is somewhat true for occasion based purchases also. Census data of Australian Bureau of Statistics, as reproduced below, shows that more than fifty-five percent of Australians are between 15-55 years of age and around fifty percent of Australians are females. AGE Population of Australia % of total persons for Australia Age groups: 0-4 years 1,243,969 6.6% 5-14 years 2,668,506 14.2% 15-24 years 2,566,346 13.7% 25-54 years 8,159,808 43.5% 55-64 years 1,759,742 9.4% 65 years and over 2,370,878 12.6% Population of Australia % of total persons for Australia Males 9,270,466 49.4% Females 9,498,783 50.6% Jettysurf stores provide more of casual clothing and accessories which are

Education - Diversity and Inclusion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Education - Diversity and Inclusion - Essay Example It will also influence how different stakeholders – parents, teachers, students, administrators, and central office personnel – act and are held accountable. Culture describes the things people create to help them live effectively in their world: language, gestures, tools, rituals, ceremonies, and music are good examples. So are art, music, and fashion. By developing these things in unique ways, people and groups create cultures and cultural identity (Queensland Government, 2008). Multicultural education seeks to reconcile the good things about cultural identity (unity, history, protocol, mutuality of goals) with the sometimes bad things about cultural identity (fear of different groups, resultant hostility, violence, and other poor treatment). Banks and Banks (1995) explain that multicultural education wants to provide a level field of opportunity for all students, from all racial, ethnic, social, and cultural backgrounds. It recognizes and embraces a pluralistic society, and teaches students skills they need to operate effectively in such a society. It recognizes groups that have been marginalized in the past, and challenges established ideas, theories, and content from traditional disciplines. Multicultural education can help address cultural differences and biases in our schools. This is because of its far scope: Gomez (1991) calls multicultural education â€Å"a perspective rather than a curriculum.† He implores teachers to consider students’ cultural backgrounds and to explore and refine their own thinking about cultural groups. Gomez suggests helping school members learn to identify when someone from a cultural group is being victimized because of their membership there. Enhancing the self-concept of members of cultural groups is important. Members of these groups must believe that cultural differences do not make them less valuable as members of the school community (Gomez, 1991). Also, attempts must be

Donald trump Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Donald trump - Essay Example A prominent and successful figure who exemplified success in entrepreneurship is Donald Trump. Tarkovsky (2007) identified the secret which made Donald Trump a billionaire: land. As Donald Trump said: â€Å"I just love real estate. Its tangible, its solid, and its beautiful." In addition, in an article written by Christine (2008) on Donald Trump’s Mantras for Successful Entrepreneurship, she averred that Mr. Trump’s golden traits of entrepreneurship are: â€Å"(1) Be passionate about your work. Mr. Trump summarizes passion as â€Å"Enthusiasm on a big scale† and it is the most essential ingredient for a successful career; (2) Be Confident about your decisions. Never step back after taking a decision and don’t give up until every possibility of success have been explored; (3) Think Big to make big achievements. Although it is believed that one should take small steps initially when starting a new project but Mr. Trump strongly believes, â€Å"Thinking big can get you to the top,† He always urge people on taking big and bold decisions; (4) Your learning process should never come to an end. No matter how successful you become, never think you have learnt everything. Despite his packed schedule, Mr. Trump reads everything he can and strives to get information he can use from everyone he meets; (5) Taking risks. Business is all about taking risks so hold your breath and always be ready to face difficulties. Most of the people do not make new experiments because they fear failure but Mr. Trump describes it as the perfect formula for being unsuccessful; (6) Learn to negotiate. To stay connected with people, you have to negotiate and make compromises at times; (7) Enjoy competition. Mostly people are scared from competition without realizing that it helps improve our performance and achieve more success. Mr. Trump says â€Å"I love competition because, ultimately, it makes me

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 48

History - Essay Example They had no idea how the colonists would react, but they never assumed that it would lead to outright rebellion. This tax, called the Stamp Act, was perceived by the Colony leaders to be unjust. This disagreement would be the beginning of the end of the relationship that the Colonists had with Great Britain. The Stamp Act was repealed in 1766, but was replaced with another new law that allowed the British government to tax the colonies as they saw fit; and, indeed they did tax them. â€Å"The Boston Tea Party† was not this roaring attack by men hooting and screaming, while dressed as Native Americans, making a loud protest as we so often see in films and television; in fact, the â€Å"Tea Party† was rather covert, quiet, and over and done with quickly. Ultimately the episode concluded with the British response to the â€Å"The Boston Tea Party,† when armed warships surrounded the port city and were prepared to use force to gain obedience and order if necessary. T his miniseries uses actors to speak the words that reflected the real concerns of the people who were living in these times. It makes it very interesting to learn history in this way. The second part of the miniseries, Liberty! The American Revolution, covers the period between 1774-1776. This was the times when Americans took up arms and openly defied Britain. The British thought that the colonists were hardly a threat. Many colonists were still quite loyal to their homeland and were caught in the middle, and quite conflicted as to what they should do. It was a rebellion they thought could be put down quickly and then it would be over and forgotten. The famous skirmish at Lexington, may have been by accident, in that to this day no one is absolutely certain who fired the first shot. However, it was Bunker Hill where British losses were significant, and the Americans proved they could be a threat. The Americans held their ground until they ran out of ammunition and were

Good and Evil in Beowulf Essay Example for Free

Good and Evil in Beowulf Essay The story of Beowulf was probably composed in England sometime in the Eighth Century AD, and written down circa 1000 AD, by a literate scop (bard) or perhaps a Christian scribe who was possibly educated in a monastery. The poem was created in oral tradition and was transferred to writing over time. It had its roots in folk tales and traditional stories until some very talented poet put it in something very near to its current form. The poem was more than likely performed for audiences at court or on the road as the scop found audiences to support him. It was sung or chanted rather than recited it, and usually to the accompaniment of a harp. There was a constant struggle between good and evil in the story. Beowulf, God, and Wiglaf represented good in the poem whereas Grendel, his mother, and Cain portrayed the contrasting side of evil. Beowulf and Grendel represented the ultimate struggle of good and evil. Grendel tried to destroy everything around him while Beowulf tried to do good all the time. The first battle between Beowulf and Grendel, Beowulf was God (good) and Grendel was Cain (evil). This was actually an allusion from the Bible, the story of Cain and was used to compare Gods feelings of Grendel, a descendant of Cain. The book stated, †¦Since Cain had killed his only / Brother, slain his fathers son / with an angry sword. God drove him off, / outlawed him†¦. Cain killed his brother because he was evil and God shunned and marked him for his evilness. God used his wrath to take care of Cain. God had the same feelings for Grendel. Grendel was described as a vicious monster that was an offspring of everything evil, God refused to forgive Grendel and favored Beowulfs pride over Grendel’s sins. In the battle, God granted Beowulf overwhelming victory. The book stated, The Ruler of the heavens brought about a right issue, when once more he stood up with ease. God stood with ease because the beast he hated, Grendel, was dead. Beowulf was a mighty, honorable hero who had super strength and the ego to match his strength. He defeated Grendel with his bare hands, and then he fought Grendel’s vengeful mother. Tired and torn, Beowulf, through his goodness, was able to vanquish Grendel’s mother. , At the brink of exhaustion, Beowulf grabbed a monstrous sword and the book continued, he struck furiously the blade went straight through the doomed body. This was the perfect example of goodness. The story of good and evil was told from the beginning of mans existence. Beowulf, revealed how this was evident and explained the side of good as depicted in the hero Beowulf. Evil was personified in Grendel, Beowulfs, opposite, the man-eating beast that terrorized humanity. As long as the delicate balance of good and evil was recognized the characters in the epic related to the concept of good and evil. Good won out every time there was a contest because God wanted good to prevail. Beowulf showed how good was related to evil. This story represented these qualities in both main characters. The struggle began when God allowed Satan dominion over the earth. The battle between them had been recorded throughout literary history. Some of the heroes that had challenged Satan did so to protect the weak. Others fought for fame and glory. The theme of good vs. evil that was present in the story of Beowulf, it became the classic foundation of many modern stories. Beowulf and Grendel represented the ultimate struggle of good and evil. Grendel tried to destroy everything around him. To Beowulf, this was another conquest. It allowed him to do yet another good deed that people talked about for a long time. Beowulf represented God and Grendel was Satan. The struggle between God and Satan had existed throughout time. Beowulf was all that was good, moral, and ethical. He lived by the rules of God. Grendel denounced those rules to live by his own. Thinking only of that which gave him pleasure, he attempted to destroy everything good and kind. Truly, Beowulf was like a parent and Grendel was like a child whom he chastised. Beowulf displayed a variety of things that the Anglo-Saxon people valued; many of those traits were expressed through the main character, Beowulf. In him, was seen the qualities of courage, loyalty and a thirst for fame. The character and story also had one running theme throughout, the age-old subject of good versus evil. Beowulf was the epic hero of this poem. He embodied all the characteristics that a hero should, such as bravery, loyalty and strength, both physical and mental. He was the archetypal hero. He fought for good and represented it as well. Beowulf signified good, but there was a contrasting evil to complete the balance. The monster Grendel and his mother were that evil. The mere look of them left the impression of fear and sin. He strode quickly across the inlaid floor, snarling and fierce: His eyes gleamed in darkness, burned with a gruesome Light. Their wickedness seemed to spread to their home, infecting the lake in which they lived. A deer, hunted through the woods by packs of hounds, a stag with great horns, though driven through the forest from faraway places, preferred to die on those shores, refused to save its life in that water. This signified good and evil. Beowulf confronted the monsters and defeated them. (Baldwin, 99). With each of the characters representing good and evil respectively, Grendels defeat clearly symbolized Beowulf and his goodness overcoming the beasts wickedness, just as we would view Christ defeating Satan. Throughout history and in endless fairytales, good was always victorious over evil. The white knight always defeated the dragon. This was no exception with Beowulf. Though the poem ended in his demise, Beowulf was remembered for being the hero that saved his people from the evils of their world. In conclusion, in the epic Beowulf, there was a constant struggle between good and evil. Beowulf and Grendel represented the ultimate struggle of good and evil. Grendel tried to destroy everything around him while Beowulf tried to do good all the time.

School Shootings in Atlanta: Causes and Solutions

School Shootings in Atlanta: Causes and Solutions Gun violence and gun control have become a highlighted issue within the United States. In recent years there has been a vast increase in young adults engaging in gun violence, or being caught up in such conflict, particularly within schools. The issue of school shootings has become a major problem within the city of Atlanta. However, with more lives being at potential risk, there has been controversy debates over what causes such incidences and what can we do as a society to solve the problem. It is evident that in order to decrease school shootings the law and community need to work together by limiting or monitoring the accessibility of firearms, identifying risks of violence and providing the correct resources to students that are a potential risk. The spread of school shootings within the United States is at an all-time high. Granting they don’t make up a large percentage of youth violence overall, they are traumatic proceedings for society as a whole. Although the first shooting leads back to 1764, the Pontiacs rebellion school massacre, where 11 people were killed at a schoolhouse in Pennsylvania, the rise of statistics within the last 5 years have been drastic and show a growing trend to a problem within the US. Research states ‘‘Since 2013, there have been more than 300 school shootings in America — an average of about one a week’’ (Everytown). However, the appearance of guns alone or threats of violence is even higher. Statistics are only calculated for the recorded gunshots fired on school grounds or fired within a school during school hours. They do not include incidents where guns have been brought into school without being fired or shootings outside of school hours (Patel). With the ongoing rise in school shootings in the United States as a whole, Georgia ranks one of the highest states for such incidences. Gun violence as a whole has become a major issue in the south, particularly Georgia. Judd states that’s ‘’Georgians are more than twice as likely as New Yorkers to be killed in a shooting. The death rate exceeds even that of Illinois.’’ With the 13th highest death rate, most of those deaths occurred in Atlanta (Judd). Since the sandy nook shooting in 2012, when a gunman shot and killed 20 children and 6 adults with a firearm, Georgia has been the second leading state for school/college shootings, behind Texas, with a total of 23 incidents resulting in either deaths or injuries. At least 5 of those incidences were in Atlanta alone (Karishnakumar). The reason for school shootings follows a controversial debate amongst society. However, it can not go unmentioned that easy gun access is one of the most influential causes. Some will argue gun control is the sole factor in school shootings, others will argue its not the gun, but more so the individual that posses it. Americas love for guns dates back to the second amendment, which give the ‘right to bear arms’.   Originally implemented for the militia, the Supreme Court revitalized it allowing guns in homes for self-defense (Cornell law school). With this in mind, there are approx 300 million guns statewide. With a population of just over 300million, that is roughly an equal amount of guns to persons. However, only one-third of the population own guns, meaning that more than one is held in each of those households (BBC). Household gun ownership is high particularly in the south. Studies show that ‘‘Across the South, 38 percent of households have a gun — compared with 35 percent in the Midwest, 34 percent in the West and 27 percent in the Northeast’’ (Simonton). With this high rate, it makes it very easy for young adults to have access to guns, with or without an adults knowledge. Friedman states that ‘‘The American Medical Association reports that between 36 percent and 50 percent of male eleventh graders said they could easily get a gun if they wanted to’’ (90). Further reasearch also states that ‘‘over two-thirds of students who used guns in violent acts at school got those guns from their own home or that of a relative’ (Erwin). This is likely because the gun was not stored away and unloaded, not because the young adult has freely been given it. However, it shows that there are definite links between household gun ownership and gun violence. Besides the fact that guns are easily accessible within homes, there are over 50,000 gun stores in America making a purchase of a gun an easy task. Within Georgia, the purchase of a gun is very simple. You do not need a permit to purchase a firearm, and you do not need to register the firearm once purchased. However, there are some laws on age restrictions. To buy a handgun statewide the consumer must be at least 18 years old, however in Georgia for an unlicensed person to sell a long gun there is no age restriction (Laws). This is a serious issue as it means that children of any age are able to obtain and have access to a gun without any consequences. With these statistics in mind its safe to say that the easy access to guns plays a huge role in gun violence within schools, however, they are not the only factor that contributes to such incidences. With the many school shootings that have taken place over the years, we try to look at all specific causes and whether there are links between the causes. The media plays a huge role in trying to convince society that there is a specific cause of all school shootings. However, there is no specific profile that fits the motivation of a shooter. Often there does seem to be links between school shootings and a specific factor, but this is not in all cases. Friedman states ‘‘ 66% of shooters interviewed after the attack felt they had been bullied or threatened by classmates and said that was their main reason for shooting others’’ (90). However approx. 1 in 5 children report being bullied in a given year, yet show no signs of violence or such crime (De La O). Although bullying may worsen problems for youth, physically and emotionally, there is very little evidence that alone it is the cause of gun violence. Society often singles out an issue like mental health, revenge, the culture of violence, drug and alcohol abuse, as well as various social problems as the cause. However although many of these factors can be associated with a shooter, it is very hard to say that one alone fits that of every shooter. When we look at all these issues we see that many young adults experience at least one of them, yet don’t commit such a crime. On the other hand, a mix of these factors could be a possible cause and its important that society pays close attention to an individual that may encounter several of these issues to prevent anything further happening (Friedman 52). It is important as a community that everyone works together, including the law, public health, schools, peers, parents, and teachers in order to prevent school shootings from happening. Such proactive procedures include watching for warning signs and identifying and reporting them. This will help a student early who is showing potential risk factors. In most cases, it is apparent that previous to a shooting someone is aware or shown signs that a shooter has plans of an attack. Duplechain and Morris states â€Å"In more than 80% of the cases [he studied], at least one person knew the attacker was planning something; two or more people knew in almost 60 percent of the cases† (146). Most shootings are premeditated and at some point, there is a chance that the shooter has either shown attack-related behavior or discussed the event with someone, whether something is said as a joke or said on a serious matter. In previous shootings, this has occurred. In the Columbine school shooting, the shooter prior to the event wrote a paper on a male who was planning a school shooting, as well as writings journals with all their plans in for the shooting (Gumbell). Nobody at the time thought anything of it, yet it was a significant sign as to what was going to be carried out. This being said, it is very important that students, teachers, parents and all listen and watch for signs and act accordingly. Reporting such suspicions could be crucial in preventing an attack. As well as watching for signs a solution to prevent school shootings is to Work together to provide strategies and the correct resources for students. Sometimes for parents it can be hard to come to terms with the fact their child has a mental health issue or behavioral issues, however, it is important that they get their children the help needed. It is also important that schools provide resources. School counselors pay a pivot role in providing counseling groups to provide tools to deal with emotions, anger, grief, and loss as well and mental health problems. They help support a child in making changes in their life addressing the topics that most concern them (Paolini). With the correct support available and the communities willingness to watch and report suspicions, school incidents could be prevented in the future. However with this in mind, the role of the law is also very important. Stricter gun laws are substantial in reducing gun violence. In the state of Georgia, there are very little restrictions on gun laws. As a state, they allow sales of a gun without a permit or without processing through the federal firearms license, Mentally ill individuals are also removed from the database after 5 years without a reassessment from doctors. This meaning that after a person passes the 5-year mark they are then illegible to purchase or sell a gun, even if they have not been assessed by a doctor to say they are now mentally stable (Cook). Unlike other states, Georgia also sticks with the federal age restriction of 18 to buy a gun, whereas many other states have reassessed age restrictions and moved it to 21.   These weak laws make it very easy for a young adult or mentally unstable individual to acquire a gun.   Many will also argue stricter gun laws will not help reduce school shootings, however, research shows otherwise. When comparing the US to other rich countries with stricter gun laws, there is a huge difference in the homicide rate. Statistics show that ‘‘The number of gun murders per capita in the US in 2012 the most recent year for comparable statistics was nearly 30 times that in the UK, at 2.9 per 100,000 compared with just 0.1’’ (BBC). When looking at the US solely, research also shows that those states with stricter gun control have less gun related deaths. After a law passed in Connecticut in 1995 making it more difficult to buy a handgun the number of homicides reduced by 40%. This law included purchasers having to obtain a license from the police in person as well as passing a background check before being accepted for a sale (Lachman).   All of this research shows that stricter gun laws are a solution towards less gun violence and unless Congress and the government make some amendments, then school shootings are going to continue to occur. It is evident that school shootings are a major issue within Atlanta and America as a whole. With a vast and continuous increase over the given years its important that both the law and community work together to help stop such incidents occurring. Research proves that there is no specific profile for a shooter, however, it is important as a community to watch out for any signs of potential risk, report them and provide students with the correct resources. This and stricter gun laws allowing students access to guns more difficult will help decrease gun violence.   References BBC. ‘‘Guns in the US: The statistics behind the violence.’’ BBC News, 2016, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-34996604 Cook, Rhonda. ‘‘Georgia clears way for mentally ill to buy guns.’’ Myajc, 2018, https://www.myajc.com/news/local/georgia-clears-way-for-mentally-ill-buy-guns/agHJKZW8LiqVI4mu1GQmLJ/ Cornell Law School. ‘‘Second Amendment.’’ LLI/Legal information Institute, https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/second_amendment De La O, Maria. ‘‘School shootings are about more than bullying.’’ The Washington post, 2013, https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/she-the-people/wp/2013/10/25/school-shootings-are-about-more-than-bullying/?utm_term=.6be5672995ae Dupllechain, Rosiland, and Robert Morris. ‘‘SCHOOL  VIOLENCE:  REPORTED  SCHOOL  SHOOTINGSAND  MAKING  SCHOOLS  SAFER.’’ Galileo, Vol. 135, no. 2, pp.45-150. Erwin, Nicole. ‘‘In wake of school shootings, a look at how kids get guns.’’ Ohio valley resource, 2018, http://ohiovalleyresource.org/2018/01/24/in-wake-of-school-shooting-a-look-at-how-kids-get-guns/ Everytown. ‘’The long shameful list of school shootings in America. ’’ 2018, https://everytownresearch.org/school-shootings/ Friedman, Lauri. School Shootings. Greenhaven ,2010. Gumbell, Andrew. ‘‘The truth about columbine.’’ The guardian, 2009, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/17/columbine-massacre-gun-crime-us Judd, Alan. ‘‘Youre twice as likely to be shot to death in Georgia than New York (and other gun violence facts).’’ Myajc, 2017, https://www.myajc.com/blog/investigations/you-twice-likely-shot-death-georgia-than-new-york-and-other-gun-violence-facts/Kdk3MXsowc6ASzmd15o2QN/ Krishnakumar, Pray. ‘‘Since Sandy Nook, a gun has been fired on school grounds at least once a week.’’ www.Latimes.com, 2015, http://www.latimes.com/projects/la-na-school-shootings-since-newtown/ Law. ‘‘Minimum age to purchase and possess.’’ Giffords law centre to prevent violence, http://lawcenter.giffords.org/gun-laws/policy-areas/who-can-have-a-gun/minimum-age/#federal Lachman, Samantha. ‘‘Conneticut gun control law sharply reduced gun-related violence, report says.’’ Huffpost UK, 2015, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/12/connecticut-gun-control-_n_7570852.html Paolini, Allison. ‘‘School Shootings and Student Mental Health: Role of the School Counselor in Mitigating Violence.’’ Councelling.org, 2015, https://www.counseling.org/docs/default-source/vistas/school-shootings-and-student-mental-health.p Patel, Jugal, K. ‘‘After Sandy Hook, More Than 400 People Have Been Shot in Over 200 School Shootings.’’ NYtimes.com, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/02/15/us/school-shootings-sandy-hook-parkland.html Simonton, Stell. ‘‘Guns in school:Georgia has most shootings since Sandy Nook.’’ America.Aljazeera.com, 2015, http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/1/29/gun-lax-georgia-has-most-school-shootings-since-sandy-hook-massacre.html Stages in responding to disasters: Floods Stages in responding to disasters: Floods Responding to Disaster: Floods Effects of Natural and human made disasters are devastating and this calls for competent mental health professionals to provide for disaster relief services to the victims. Victims of flood disasters respond differently depending on their personal experience. In our case, people are warned about the impending danger of flood disaster but some fail to respond at all. Even after the flood disaster, others return to reconstruct their houses and belongings. This means that the type of intervention to be applied should be culture based. The following intervention strategies, marked with stages, would be applied to the victims of the flood disaster. Impact Immediately after the flood strikes, the survivors panic, are confused and cannot think at that moment (Gilliland, James, 2013). Adults are desperately searching everywhere, looking for their missing family members. Victims are exposed to horrors of the aftermath and they are surrounded by death and devastation. It is indeed a time of agony. At this stage, an appropriate intervention would be an emotionally driven Psychological intervention strategy. This strategy helps the individual to recollect themselves and to start focusing on the way forward. Emergence/acute heroic stage After the aftermath, survivors start saving and collecting what they can. It is a â€Å"counting the loss† phase. At this stage, I would recommend for physiological responses as the intervention is focused on physical damage such as loss of property, injuries, geographical displacement, and anger due to the aftermath loss incurred (Gilliland, James, 2013). I will engage in emotionally driven talk with the victims in order to help relief their anxieties surrounding their crisis. I will also provide emotional help on how individuals can recover their property and probably their beloved family members. Inventory stage This is the recovery phase. In this stage, survivors are slowly accepting the realities of life. I will engage in method in which individuals can utilize their abilities in seeking for employment for survival. I will engage in cognitive-behavioral intervention skills and try to convince the survivor on danger of living such vulnerable places (Benedek, Fullerton, Ursano, 2007). The idea to change their perception about the place and make them understand the Government’s warning about the place. Honeymoon stage At this stage, the victims are worried about their financial recovery. This come after one to three months post the flooding disaster. It is a stage of rebuilding. I recommend for cognitive coping strategies in order to help the survivors see the sense of moving from the vulnerable to other places. Coping skills are helpful in enabling the victim change their environment to move on with their normal lives. Avoidance phase At this phase, I will recommend for psycho-social intervention skills. The aftermath effects are coupled with loses, causing psychological disturbance and sometimes lead to Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). With Psycho-social intervention skills a victim can slowly forget about the disaster and start focusing on other things through social life. Adaptation phase Adaptive phase depends on the victim’s resiliency. Resilient people tend to recover faster. In that regard, I will recommend for cognitive-behavioral responses in order strengthen the victims by making them recognize how strong they are. Positive behavioral skills can also influence positive change and hence influence adaptive skills; that the victims can do without their lost ones. Disillusionment phase Disillusion can prevent victims from adapting to their environment. Anything attached to the previously experienced flooding disaster will likely arouse the traumatic experience. To help victims recover from this problem, I will use cognitive coping skills. These skills helps a victim accept the reality, forget about the past and focus on the present. Pathogenic to salutogenic shift At this phase, the victim has not yet fully recovered from the post traumatic stress disorder even after one year after the disaster. It is a critical condition and the victim is always struggling to let go the stress. This may happened to mothers who saw their children drawn by water. Resiliency itself cannot draw the stress away from the victim. A suitable intervention strategy would be the use of the victim’s coherence to overcome the stress. This involves integrating cognitive-behavioral coping skills to enable the victim understand that their problem is manageable. It requires the use of emotional-psychological strategies to convince the victim (Gelbach, 2008). Restabilization/reconstruction This involves the rebuilding of the victim’s emotional and social self. The best way to respond to victims at this stage is by use of psycho-social strategies (Bartley, 2007). This involves encouraging the victim to make new friends and interact with people. Social life interactions allows victims to forget about their past easily and focus on their future. Ethical/ Cultural Consideration Some cultural considerations involve various elements; One, awareness of your world view, two, an understanding of the client’s worldview, and finally, a better understanding of the appropriate intervention to apply on a client depending on the crisis and situation (Goodman, West-Olatunji, 2009). In our case, there is the need for a culture centered disaster response. Bearing that the people were warned about the impending flood disaster and didn’t do anything about it gives us the indication of social cultural factors among the community. Therefore, understanding the existence of social cultural factors among the victims facilitates the conceptualization of the needs of the people, especially in low income communities (Goodman, West-Olatunji, 2009). This also helps in determining the kind of intervention model applicable to a victim. References Bartley, A. G. (2007). Confronting the realities of volunteering for a national disaster. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 29(1), 4-16. Benedek, D. M., Fullerton, C., Ursano, R. J. (2007). First Responders: Mental Health Consequences of Natural and Human-Made Disasters for Public Health and Public Safety Workers*. Annu. Rev. Public Health, 28, 55-68. Gelbach, R. A. (2008). Trauma, research, and EMDR: A disaster responder’s wish list.Journal of EMDR Practice Research,2(2), 146–155.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.2.2.146 Gilliland, B. E., James, R. K. (2013). Crisis intervention strategies. Goodman, R. D., West-Olatunji, C. A. (2009).Applying critical consciousness: Culturally competent disaster response outcomes.Journal of Counseling Development,87(4), 458–465. doi: 10.1002/j.1556-6678.2009.tb00130.x

History and Patterns of Left and Right Politics

History and Patterns of Left and Right Politics ROLE OF LEFT/RIGHT IDEOLOGIES TODAY INTRODUCTION ‘Left’ and ‘Right are widely used terms today which are differently by scholars. The essay seeks to explore the history of the Lefts and Rights. It defines their views, analyses its importance in the context of the past as well as the present. The relevant terms have a different meaning in varied political systems. An attempt has been made to give it an objective, perspective and to view its varied dimensions critically. We understand how the ideological beliefs have changed over time and the importance of role played by the Left/Right has altered. The Left-Right political spectrum classifies political Positions, ideologies and parties. The Left includes the socialists, communists, secularists, anti-imperialists, anarchists and anti-capitalists. The Rights are the conservatives, capitalists, monarchists, traditionalists, Nazis and Fascists. The main factor dividing them is class. The Left’s target is ensuring social Justice via economic policies but the Rights defend private property and consumerism. The Left upholds the power of human reason to attain progress, believes in secularity and sovereignty exercised through legislature. To the Rights, this is anti-clerical, unrealistic and reveals class hatred. They believe that the Church is instrumental in binding people socially and a strong political leadership can reduce social and political divides. The Left oppose this as authoritative, repressive and dislike any religious doctrine being imposed on the population. HISTORY OF LEFT/RIGHT IDEOLOGY The term Left and Right evolved during the French Revolution of 1789, when the members of the National Assembly were demarcated. The supporters of the king were positioned to the President’s right and the revolutionists to his left. With different historical phases, the seating arrangements changed. The terms had no link to political ideology but only to seating in the legislature. The 19th century saw a cleavage between Monarchists and Republicans after the Third Republic was established there was a demarcation between supporters of a strong executive on the Right and the people who supported the primacy of the legislature on the Left. But in the twentieth century, Left and Right described the citizen’s specific political ideologies. The Rights were the party who upheld the interests of the upper or dominant classes while the left was associated with the lower economic and social classes. While the Rights favored aristocracy and wealth, the Lefts fought for equal oppor tunities for the less advantaged. (Left-Right Politics) CURRENT PATTERNS OF LEFT AND RIGHT IN DIFFERENT POLITICAL SYSTEMS Different geographical regions have different patterns of Left and Right. Political thinking has expanded from its Western European origin all over the globe except the Middle East. Most citizens including the voters and political elites in developed democratic countries use the Left/Right scale for their political programs, government, parties, candidates, issues and social movements. It plays a significant role in the making voting decisions and giving support to the political parties. Though Japan and US still have a liberal versus conservative outlook, the Left/Right considerations affected 90% of the highly educated to define where politics is shaped by religion, ideological Left/Right divisions are not considered. In Communist countries which are now being exposed to western influences, the Leftists or ex-communists parties which adhere to earlier social systems are â€Å"conservative†, whereas the Rightists are regarded as â€Å"liberal and revolutionary†. In les s developed countries like Uganda, the Left/Right dimension is seen by elites as an economic issue while the masses view it from the political angle. But in all regions the Left/Right identification is prevalent among the educated and those who are politically active. (The Limits of Ideological Globalization) RELEVANCE OF THE RIGHT/LEFT IDEOLOGIES History reveals that ‘Left’ or ‘Right’ are terms that are antithetical as well as exclusive because no doctrine can simultaneously be both ‘Left and ‘Right’. The gulf between the two cannot be bridged because they are poles apart. They are in reality descriptive because they analyze two sides of a conflict. They are evaluative as they argue on both the positive and negative aspects. Left/Right is not just related to politics but influences sociology, economics and philosophy too. The political universe has adopted two opposing ideologies – ‘Left’ and ‘Right’ which gives shape to their political thought and government. Sartre says that ‘Left and ‘Right’ are just ‘empty vessels’ without any analytical value. Political debaters have used these terms but they have no evaluative application. It can be argued that ‘Left’ and ‘Right’ are not just ideologies but are opposing programs related to solving political problems and social interests. Therefore, it is suggested that new groupings based on problems should be formed. The present democratic society is multifaceted, where many forces operate. These forces agree on some matters and disagree on others. So two contradictory forces exist but there is also an intermediate central position which leans either towards the ‘Left’ or ‘Right’. Hence there is a moderate left which leans towards the centre and an extreme left opposed to it and vice versa for the right. In politics the antithesis between Left and Right is dependent on the period and the circumstances. After the Italian unification, the Rights were predominant but this was followed by a period of Left predominance. Fascism – a Right wing movement – failed, and the Lefts rose to prominence. It is a universal fact that two opposing parts are interdependent and if one is nullified the other too becomes invalidated. Left and Right are two parts of a whole, which stand and fall together. With the decline of Communism, a radical expression of the Left, the Rights were on their way up. The collapse of the Soviet government put an end to a Left wing government of a specific historical period. In modern mass politics, this political cleavage classifies ideologies, differentiates parties and their candidate’s proposals and acts as a communication tool between politicians, the mass media and citizens. It is also instrumental in guiding the electors to comprehend complexities of politics and reach conclusions. Most people subscribe to the view that a demise of ideology has been reached and traditional differences between the ‘Left’ and ‘Right’ have been overcome. But research on electoral behavior in legislative elections has revealed that an individual’s Left/Right self placement is a major predictor of voting choices and its importance is increasing. The Left/Right is important today as an explanation of voters’ choices especially in European Parliament elections. Though the terms Left and Right are challenged by many they are still a part of political terminology. Since socialism is declining, one wonders at the future of the Left. The old Left is analyzed and assessed in order to form a new Left. In democracies, one can hear of â€Å"Left in Parliament† and â€Å"Right in Parliament†. Even politicians are termed As Left winged or Right winged. Left and Right are terms used to differentiate political thought and activity. It is now claimed that the two labels are fictitious. Both the Left and right wing movements today face complex and novel problems. In the end their programs for electorates are more or less the same and they propose the immediate ends. On the basis of this argument, the Lefts and the Rights do not have a reason to exist because alleged differences and disputes between them do not exist. Personal animosity is unreasonable because the opposing sides are arguing for the same targets. (Left and Right Significance of a Political Distinction) ALTERNATIVE DIMENSIONS TO THE LEFT/RIGHT AXIS Left and Right, today, are non-adequate terms. The present confusion may give birth to new dominant ideologies. New ideas make old alignments inappropriate. To make necessary changes, work should be done at a quicker pace, according to the current political scenario. The industrialized nations of the world, including the US are confronted with a situation where the obsolete political groups cannot be called a Left/Right axis as they have become multi-dimensional. In US, the Republicans and Democrats are confused as to how to form alliances on the basis of these dimensions. This lack of coherency is creating difficulties in taking political action. The first dimension is that of secularism versus religion. The religious group who has hitherto played a traditional role is challenged by the advent of science, which is playing a pivotal role by the influence it has. This threatens the security of the religious leaders who are retaliating by seizing political power. Another dimension is the ethnic domination versus multi-culturalism. The large ethnic groups like His panics that have arisen have wrested political control. The point now is more than inclusion versus separation and the ‘melting pot’ model US had as a part of its national creed is questionable. Thirdly, the neo-colonial dimension that prevailed is now confronted with internationalism. With the evolution of the World Bank and IM, trade is controlled by the industrialized world which in turn leads to control of political philosophy. Ethnic and religious domination is now insecure because of internationalism and secularism. The fourth dimension is that of Laissez Faire capitalism versus government oversight. Capitalist economy has resulted in social and wealth inequality. US has ignored basic infrastructure investments, health, and welfare and introduced policies which favor financial manipulation. A new wealthy class has arisen and resulting in marginalization of organized labor. Economic disparities and the growth of a wealthy class highlight the dimension of conservation versus growth. While growth is favored, its implications on earth are overseen. Overpopulation excessive consumerism and waste in industrialized countries depletes natural resources. This excess results in disaster. It has already affected the availability of fresh water and fossil fuels. Shortage of these materials would result in persuading those that have them, to give them up. The conservationists would be willing to introduce changes in consumption patterns but not make real sacrifices. (The End of Left/Right Politics) CONCLUSION After analyzing the various aspects of Left/Right politics various conclusions can be drawn. It has existed since the time of the French Revolution, yet, its significance and role in politics has changed. After analyzing the current patterns in various political systems we see that ideological differences based on the Left/Right polarization still play a vital role in politics world over. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Left/Right polarization is not redundant rather it has changed its form and ideological beliefs. REFERENCES Left-Right Politics  http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_politics The Limits of Ideological Globalization-Hans Geser  http://socio.ch/internat/t_hgeser5.htm Left and Right Significance of a Political Distinction – Norberto Bobbio The End of Left/Right Politics – Robert Feinman  http://robertdfeinman.com/society/left_right.html

Dell SWOT Essay -- Dell Inc Swot Analysis Case Study Computers

Dell INC Executive summary Is the dell's direct model working? Last year, the company gave up the PC market share lead to Hewlett-Packard. Dell was the only top computer company to lose worldwide PC market share. This analysis identified Dell's problems and provided strategic moves for the PC maker firm. Company Background The company was founded in 1984 by Michael Dell, now the company is one of the world's largest suppliers of personal computers and related products. It designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and services personal computers, servers, printers and other products. The company primarily operates in the Americas. It is headquartered in Round Rock, Texas and employs about 66,000 people. Dell's simple concept focus on selling personal computer systems directly to the customer in that way Dell could best understand their needs, and provide the most effective computing solutions to meet those needs. The company announced plans to begin selling through retail stores. Vision: Dell's vision is to be the most successful computer company in the world at delivering the best customer experience in markets we serve. Recommendation for the vision statement: A vision statement focuses on the on how the world would be ideal without mention the organization. In this vision Dell mention its product, I recommend a vision that would say: There will be a personal computer for each individual in the world. Justification: Dell aspire that every individual in the world owns a computer. Computers are part of everyday life in the twenty-first century. Computers have changed the way humans work and live. We live in a world where technology is rapidly increasing, and new discoveries are being made every day. Comp... ...III, the most common approaches are Market development and innovation, with these strategies Dell can broad its operations and introduced those in new segments or new customer groups. They have the necessity to invest more in innovation. More R&D, more and unique products will make the difference against the competition. References Pearce&Robinson, Strategic Management, 10e, 2007 McGraw-Hill Dell.com.2007 from: http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/en/commitment?c=us&l=en&s=corp By Jeordan Legon "is The Dude Steven Done For;Wednesday, October 16, 2002 Posted: 3:50 PM EDT (1950 GMT) from: http://archives.cnn.com/2002/TECH/internet/10/16/dude.dell/ Chang, Althea "Is All well with Dell?, August 17 2007: 2:20 PM EDT.From: http://money.cnn.com/2007/08/17/markets/spotlight_dell/index.htm Holzner, Steven, How Dell Does it, McGraw-Hill, 2006

Expectations and Education :: Learning Education Essays

Expectations and Education One of the most sought-after goals in the world of marketing is a high degree of consumer satisfaction. But in the world of education, satisfaction by itself should not be the criterion for success. If both satisfaction and performance are high, we have cause for celebration. If satisfaction is high and performance is low, as is currently the case in the United States, we have cause for serious alarm. According to Stevenson and Stigler in "The Learning Gap", American parents whose children generally score below Asian children on tests of academic achievement, gave the most positive evaluations when asked about their children's schools and how their children were performing. If the children are doing well, such high levels of satisfaction would be justified. But maintaining high levels of satisfaction with poor performance creates a huge obstacle to the improvement of education. Before you can solve a problem, you have to admit that you have a problem. Why should children study hard i f their parents already express high levels of satisfaction? Why should schools pursue reform with enthusiasm and resolve when they already meet generally high levels of public approval? Americans want a good life for their children. They want their children to be happy and well adjusted. But Americans have not realized that access to the good life and happiness in the future will be blocked if we fail to prepare our children for the competition they will face in an ever more competitive world. As Americans, we have historically had a high opinion of ourselves. In only a few centuries we have opened up a continent, established an effective political and economic system, and brought the nation to prosperity. Americans have been thought of as courageous, industrious, and creative. Early in the American history, people believed they could achieve almost anything with enough effort. Nevertheless, many Americans assume that positive self-esteem is a necessary precursor of competence and place a higher priority on life adjustment and the enhancement of self-esteem than on academic learning. They forget that one of the most important sources of children's self-esteem is realizing that they have mastered a challenging task. We have gradually come to emphasize the limits of what can be accomplished imposed by innate differences among individuals. There are individual differences among human beings in whatever characteristics are measured. But this variability should not be interpret ed to mean that the general level of accomplishment cannot be raised.

Compare contrast essay Essay

Novelist Paul Sheldon has plans to make the difficult transition from writing historical romances featuring heroine Misery Chastain to publishing literary fiction. Annie Wilkes, Sheldon’s number one fan, rescues the author from the scene of a car accident. The former nurse takes care of him in her remote house, but becomes irate when she discovers that the author has killed Misery off in his latest book. Annie keeps Sheldon prisoner while forcing him to write a book that brings Misery back to life. Compare & Contrast Essay â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by: William Faulkner & â€Å"Misery† by: Stephen King I’ve chosen to compare & contrast â€Å"A Rose for Emily† By: William Faulkner with â€Å"Misery† By: Stephen King, Obsessive women, broken ankles, trapped men & Suspenseful endings both of these stories have a lot in common. In Stephen King’s â€Å"Misery† A Famous Novelist named Paul Sheldon is transitioning his writing from Romance to Fiction. While on his way to Colorado from his winter hide away he is in a horrific car accident brought on by the harsh weather conditions. Thankfully the writer’s number one fan and former nurse Annie Wilkes lived nearby and saved Paul from freezing to  death. Annie Wilkes just like Miss Emily Grierson lived isolated and away from the world, though Miss Emily lived in the town & Annie Wilkes didn’t Miss Emily Isolated herself socially by not leaving her home nor opening the door when people of the town came by. Annie However, actually lived in an isolated cabin in the mountains. In â€Å"A Rose for Emily† people of the town feel sorry for her because after losing her father (page: 207 she was sick for a long time), But not long after they began seeing her with a gentle man named Homer Barran. A construction worker who had come into town to pave the sidewalks. After a year of being with Homer the towns folk began saying they would marry even though Homer claimed to like men (page: 209, He was not a marrying man). One evening after  ending their relationship Homer went to see Miss Emily using rat poison she killed him and let everyone believe he left and went on with his life while she hid his remains. Annie Wilkes didn’t kill Paul Sheldon, but took advantage of the fact that he had been put in critical condition due to the car accident she removed him from. For weeks she held him captive until he gave her favorite novel the proper ending it deserved. After noticing his several, sneaky attempts to escape Annie straps Paul to the bed and cripple s him by breaking both his ankles with a sledge hammer. Both of these women felt the need to keep these men hidden, trapped, and injured so they may stay with them forever. Miss Emily trapped Homer in death to stay with her since he had no interest in marrying her. In â€Å"Misery† Prior to having his ankles broken Paul finds newspaper clippings of previous victims of Annie where she was never convicted, He then realizes he may be next on her list. Soon after crippling Paul an officer drops by to see if Annie was aware that Novelist Paul Sheldon was missing and they were searching for him. Paul hears the officer and yells for help when Annie hears his screams she kills the officer and Paul is left once more to endure her gruesome punishment. Neither one of the men could predict what was going to happen to them, but Homer didn’t endure being tortured nor was he held captive for weeks. In â€Å"A Rose for Emily† Miss Emily was never caught nor suspected for the  disappearance of Homer. After the death of Miss Emily and after her services the town folk were curious to see   the inside of her home. (page 211, there was one room that no one had seen in forty years, and which would have to be forced). After entering the room they noticed mens toiletries, suits, ties and a pair of shoes even more so they noticed the man in her bed, His well over rotten body lay there in a nightshirt and next to him they could see where Miss Emily would lay beside him every night after his death. Unlike Miss Emily Annie didn’t get away with what she did to Paul, after killing the officer Paul tricks her into buying Champagne and cigars to celebrate the return of Misery, while setting up for their night of celebration Paul lights the re-written novel on fire and throws it. Annie begins to put out the flame when Paul slams his typewriter on the top of her head and shoves pieces of the burned novel pages into her mouth, she then dies of a fractured skull. Sometime after Paul is rescued by police. Both of these stories where great and though they are in different settings the characters shared similar physiological problems and depression. I think if both of these women met and could ever be in the same story there would be gory, suspenseful, torturing of men. I would like to read a book where Stephen King and William Faulkner write a story sharing both their ideas, I think it would be very interesting, thrilling and great to read.

My Final Year Project

A REPORT ON AUTOMATED STEAM JACKETED COOKING VESSEL BY PRATAP DESHMUKH 2008A8PS251G AT GADHIA SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS PVT. LTD. A Practice School II station of BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, PILANI (JANUARY – JUNE 2012) A REPORT ON AUTOMATED STEAM JACKETED COOKING VESSEL BY PRATAP DESHMUKH 2008A8PS251G B. E. (Hons) ELEC. & INSTR. Prepared in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Course No. BITS C412 (Practice School II) AT GADHIA SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM PVT. LTD. A Practice School- II station of BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, PILANI JANUARY – JUNE 2012) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank the Managing Director and Coordinator of Gadhia Solar Energy Systems Pvt. Ltd. , Mr. Badal Shah, for giving us this wonderful opportunity. I would also like to thank my mentor Dr. Vivek Wasekar, Vice President R&D and Mr. Veera Prasad Gadde Deputy General Manager, R&D, for being a constant source of guidance and support throughout my project. I am also grateful to the Vice Chancellor, BITS Pilani, Prof. B. N. Jain, and the Practice School Division Dean, Mr G.Sundar for giving us this opportunity to gain valuable work experience. I am extremely thankful to our faculty in charge, Mr. Pavan Kumar Potdar for conducting the programme in an effective manner. PRATAP DESHMUKH 2008A8PS251G Page | 0 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, PILANI (RAJASTHAN) Practice School Division Station: Gadhia Solar Energy Systems Pvt Ltd Duration: 06 January 2012 – 20 June 2012 Date of Submission: 30 March 2012 Title of the Project: AUTOMATED STEAM JACKETED COOKING VESSEL NAME PRATAP DESHMUKH ID NO 2008A8PS251G DISCIPLINE B.E. (Hons) ELEC. & INSTR. Centre: Valsad, Gujrat. Name of expert: Dr. Vivek Wasekar (Associate Manager, Instrumentation Dept. ) Name of the PS Faculty: Mr. Pavan Kumar Potdar Key Words: Steam cooking, Jacketed Vessel, PLC, Ladder Logic, solar, cooking. Project Areas: A development project of a automated cooking system for steam cookin g vessel Abstract: This report covers the details of the project undertaken by me at Gadhia Solar Energy Systems Pvt. Ltd. to develop and implement the automation of Steam cooking with a steam jacketed cooking vessel.It also focuses on the technical and design aspects of the new system and provides a detail study of observations after implementation of the system (Signatures of Student) __________________ 25 March 2012 (Signature of PS faculty) __________________ 30 March 2012 Page | 1 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, PILANI (RAJASTHAN) Practice School Division Response Option Sheet Station: Gadhia Solar Energy Systems Pvt. Ltd. ID No. & Name(s): Pratap Deshmukh Centre: Valsad, Gujrat 2008A8PS251G Title of the Project: AUTOMATED STEAM JACKETED COOKING VESSEL Code No. 1. 2. 3. Response Options A new course can be designed out of this project.The project can help modification of the course content of some of the existing courses. The project can be used directly in some of the existing Compulsory Discipline Courses (CDC)/Discipline Courses Other Than Compulsory (DCOC)/Emerging Area (EA) etc. Courses The project can be used in preparatory courses like Analysis and Application Orientated Courses (AAOC)/ Engineering Sciences (ES)/Technical Arts (TA) and Core Courses This project cannot come under any of the above mentioned options as it relates to the professional work of the host organization. Course No. (s) & Name 4. 5. YES Signatures of Students) __________________ (Signature of PS faculty) __________________ Page | 2 Abstract: Gadhia Solar is an innovative Solar Thermal Energy Company, focused on providing energy solutions by using Parabolic Concentrated Technology, backed by technical support from HTT GmbH of Germany. Since its inception, Gadhia Solar has been a technologically, solution focused company driven by strong passion for environmental and social contribution combined with high creativity and integrity. The company is into researching and dev eloping new alternatives to harvest the unfathomable source of energy.Automated Steam Jacketed Vessel is a new kind of cooking vessel in itself. The vessels used for soalr thermal cooking are one with direct injection of steam and have limited usability. But with jacketed cooking vessel, any kind of food item can be cooked since the food does not come in contact with the steam. For cooking food, the temperature of the vessel should be maintained in the bracket of 80-120OC which will not only cook the food faster, but also won’t burn it. The vessel was designed with the help of Dr. Vivek Wasekar and for automation of the cooking process; I worked with Mr. Veera Prasad Gadde.For the automation, a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is being used which will read the temperature inside the vessel with the help of a Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) and thereby control the cooking process. Two Solenoid Valves are being used to control the flow of steam and the condensate insid e the jacket. And also a pressure regulator is being used to regulate the pressure of the steam from the header. The parabolic dishes will generate the steam inside the header. When the outlet of the header is opened, the steam at high pressure at around 15 bar will be let into the outlet.The pressure regulator will regulate the pressure of the steam to a value of around 3 bar which will go towards first solenoid valve. When the cooking process is started, the first valve will open and let the steam into the jacketed vessel. The steam will raise the temperature and thereby cook the food. For the initial implementation, three food items have been considered i. e. rice, dal and vegetables. According to the food item being cooked, the controller will decide the temperature and time for cooking and proceed with the cooking. The second solenoid valve will remove the condensate from the jacket of the vessel.Two different loops will be simultaneously controlling both valves till the proces s is stopped or completed. Page | 3 About the company: Using the power of sun as source of energy, Gadhia Solar has implemented some of the world’s largest Solar Thermal Systems in last two decades. Be it industrial, agricultural, institutional or domestic, Gadhia Solar has been a pioneering company with major breakthrough in this area. With extensive experience in installing solar thermal energy systems throughout India and armed with ever improving production facility, Gadhia Solar is the pioneer and market leader in solar thermal energy systems.Gadhia Solar has achieved the ability to develop various applications based on Solar Concentrators like: Solar Cooking Applications o Steam Cooking o Thermic Oil based Cooking, o Direct Cooking, o Small Cookers for Family Solar Power Plants Solar Air-Conditioning Space Heating Systems Process Heat for Various Industrial Applications Large Scale Drinking Water Systems Solar Hot Water of up to 90 0C Solar Incineration Solar Crematoriu m Waste Water Evaporation Solar Desalination Solar Water / Milk Pasteurization Specialized in solar thermal technology for the last two decades, Gadhia Solar is able to provide innovative and cost effective energy solutions for various applications on turnkey basis. Gadhia Solar has a highly focused and dedicated team for research and development in Germany and complimented by a well equipped and automated manufacturing in India. Page | 4 List of Figures Figure 1: Previous Direct Steam Injection Cooking Vessel†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 14 Figure 2: Steam Jacketed Cooking Vessel. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 16 Figure 3: Steam Flow Diagram †¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 17 Figure 4: Logic Diagram for controlling cooking procedure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 20 Figure 5: Logic Diagram for controlling cooking and Condensate Valve †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 21 Page | 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER NO. TITLE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT SHEET RESPONSE OPTION SHEET ABSTRACT OF PROJECT ABOUT THE COMPANY LIST OF FIGURES PAGE NO. 0 1 2 3 4 5 1. . 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 3 3. 1 4. 5. 5. 1 5. 2 5. 3 6. Introduction Solar Thermal Cooking Scheffler Reflectors. Steam Generation Current P rocedure of Cooking Current Design of Vessel Steam Jacketed Cooking Vessel Designing the vessel. Steam Flow with Diagram Automation Instruments Required Logic Diagram Programming Completed Work and Implementation References 7 9 9 12 13 15 16 16 17 18 18 20 22 23 24 Page | 6 1. Introduction: Gadhia Solar Energy Systems Pvt Ltd. has been making Scheffler reflectors for various purposes. The basic idea that leads to the development of the Scheffler- Reflectors was to make solar cooking as comfortable as possible.At the same time the device should be build in a way that allows it to be constructed in any rural welding workshop after a certain period of training. The locally available materials must be sufficient for the construction of the reflector. The movement started when the first well functioning Scheffler-Reflector (size: 1,1m x 1,5m) was successfully built by Mr. Wolfgang Scheffler in 1986 at a mission-station in North-Kenya. Since then the technology has been continuously impro ved and passed on to many motivated people. This lead to the use of Scheffler reflectors in not just cooking but also other applications like VAM, cold storage, etc. For cooking application, these Scheffler-reflectors are used to generate steam in the header pipe.The water inside the header is heated with the reflector and due to the continuous input of heat; steam at high pressure is generated inside the header. When the outlet of the header is opened, this steam at a higher temperature and pressure is used for cooking. A valve is connected to the steam line which goes to the cooking vessel. When the valve is opened, the steam is let into the vessel and hence the food is cooked with it. Gadhia Solar Energy Systems Pvt Ltd has installed many solar cooking systems in India. They have installed the world’s largest solar parabolic concentrated technology systems at Shri Saibaba Sansthan Trust, Shirdi. This system uses the same Scheffler- reflectors to produce steam from water an d uses that generated steam to cook the food.The solar cooking vessels used currently are being operated manually and needs at least one labor per cooking vessel to operate. The cooking is done by direct injection of steam into the vessel. When the food is cooked by direct injection of steam into the food, as the steam is at high pressure and temperature, it comes out of the vessel. Therefore all of the energy of the steam cannot be utilized for cooking. This increases the heat losses and also increases the cooking time. Also due to the type of vessel, it is not possible to cook different types of food. Risk of contamination is also involved if the water source is not clean. So for this purpose a new design of cooking vessel was proposed.This vessel used the energy of steam to heat the food without coming in contact with it. The Steam Jacketed Cooking Vessel Page | 7 was designed to solve the problems which were faced by the earlier used cooking vessel. In this vessel, the steam was being passed in the jacket around the cooking vessel. As the steam condenses inside the jacket, it transfers its heat energy to the food inside and cooks the food. For the Automation of the cooking process, a Programmable Logic Controller is used which will control the temperature inside the cooking vessel and cook the food accordingly. The temperature inside the vessel will be measured by a RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector).This reading will be processed by the PLC as an Analog Input, and according to the food item selected to be cooked, the PLC will select the cooking temperature and time and start the process on user’s command. The process can be controlled by a START button, STOP button, and food type selection button defining RICE, DAL and VEGETABLE for each button. The operator first needs to select the type of food that has to be cooked. According to the selection, respective LED will turn on which will show the food item selected. Even after selecting an item, th e choice can be changed to another food item. After selection, the START button is required to be pressed which will start the cooking.The cooking algorithm will take care of the temperature and the time required for cooking. If the food gets cooked before the timer gets over, or something goes wrong with the process, the operator can manually shut everything down by pressing STOP button. This cooking vessel will increase the types of food that can be cooked with steam. The automation of the vessel will reduce the need of manual labor and will also cook the food faster at optimum temperatures. Page | 8 2. Solar Thermal Cooking: 2. 1 The Scheffler Reflector: The Idea The basic idea that leads to the development of the Scheffler- Reflectors was to make solar cooking as comfortable as possible.At the same time the device should be build in a way that allows it to be constructed in any rural welding workshop in southern countries after a certain period of training. The locally available materials must be sufficient. The Technology To make cooking simple and comfortable the cooking-place should not have to be moved, even better: it should be inside the house and the concentrating reflector outside in the sun. The best solution was an eccentric, flexible parabolic reflector which rotates around an axis parallel to earth-axis, synchronous with the sun. Additionally the reflector is adjusted to the seasons by flexing it in a simple way. How does this work? The reflector is a small lateral section of a much larger paraboloid. The inclined cut produces the typical elliptical shape of the Scheffler-Reflector.The sunlight that falls onto this section of the paraboloid is reflected sideways to the focus located at some distance of the reflector. The axis of daily rotation is located exactly in north-south-direction, parallel to earth axis and runs through the centre of gravity of the reflector. That way the reflector always maintains its gravitational equilibrium and the m echanical tracking device (clockwork) doesn't need to be driven by much force to rotate it synchronous with the sun. The focus is located on the axis of rotation to prevent it from moving when the reflector rotates. The distance between focus and centre of the reflector depends on the selected parabola. During the day the concentrated light will only rotate around its own centre but not move Page | 9 ideways in any direction. That way the focus stays fixed, which is very useful, as it means the cooking-pot doesn't have to be moved either. In the course of the seasons the incident angle of the solar radiation varies + / – 23. 5 ° in relation with the perpendicular to earth-axis. The paraboloid has to perform the same change of inclination in order to stay directed at the sun. Otherwise it's not possible to obtain a sharp focal point. But the centre of the reflector and the position of the focus are not allowed to move. This is only possible by shaping the reflector after ano ther parabola for each seasonal inclinationangle of the sun, i. e. for each day of the year.This means the reflector has to change its shape. The reflector-frame is build for equinox. By inclining and elastically deforming the reflectorframe all other parabolas can be achieved with sufficient accuracy. Changing the inclination and deforming the reflector are mechanically combined: the two pivots, at each side of the reflector-frame, and a pivot in the centre of the reflector, do not form a line, but the second is located below. That way inclining the reflector leads to a change in its depth, the centre of the reflector is lifted up (big radius of crossbars) or pressed down (small radius of crossbars) relative to the reflector-frame.It's enough to adjust the upper and lower end of the reflector to their correct position to obtain a sufficiently exact reflector-shape. The setting is done by a telescopic bar at each end of the reflector. Adjusting the reflector-shape has to be done man ually every 2-3 days. When all concentrated light enters the opening of the cooking-place installed at the focal point the correct reflectorshape is achieved. After passing the opening the light is redirected by a small reflector (secondary reflector) to the black bottom of the cooking pot. There it is absorbed and transformed into heat. The efficiency for cooking, i. e. heating water from 25 °C to 100 °C, can reach up to 57% and depends on the cleanliness of the eflector-surface and the state of insulation of the cooking-pot. At the focalpoint itself we have measured optical efficiency of up to 75% (with 2mm ordinary glass mirrors). Depending on the season an elliptical reflector of 2,8m x 3. 8m (standard size of 8m? SchefflerReflector) collects the sunlight of a 4,3m? to 6,4m? area, measured perpendicular to the direction of the incident light (aperture). That way the cooking power varies with the season. As an average a 8m? Reflector can bring 22 liters of cold water to boili ng temperature within one hour (with 700W/m? direct solar radiation). Page | 10 There are many options for the design of the cooking-place.Mostly it is integrated into a kitchen building and provides the possibility to use firewood for cooking when the sun doesn't shine. Depending on the type of food which is cooked there is no need for a secondary reflector. This increases the efficiency and simplifies maintenance. Instead of a cooking-place a backing-oven, steam-generator or heat-storage can be installed at the focal-point. Page | 11 2. 2 Steam Generation: With the use of the Schefflor Reflectors, steam at high temperature and pressure can be generated with ease. Steam in saturated temperature can be made available at high pressure by concentrating the focus and heating the water in a closed system with the focused heat. The focus of the reflector has to be concentrated onto a receiver of the header pipe.The receiver is painted black to absorb most of the radiation incident on it. The temperature of the focus of a 16m2 Scheffler Reflector can be as high as 700oC and at the receiver it is around 230oC. At such high temperatures, the water inside the header is being heated. Because of the continuous heat supply from the reflector, the water inside the header gets converted into steam. With time, more steam is being generated and pressure inside the header increases. It is possible to get pressure of 15 barg in around 4 hours using four 12. 5 m2 Scheffler Reflectors under ideal conditions and this steam can be used to cook two batches of 25kg of rice. Page | 12 2. Current procedure of cooking: The current procedure for cooking is by direct injection of steam into the cooking vessel. The food cooked by this procedure consists of mainly rice, dal and some vegetables. All of them are cooked in direct steam. First the outlet valve of the header is opened to a little extent. The drain valve at the vessel is opened to remove the condensate. After every cooking sessio n, there is leftover condensate in the steam line. Since that condensate should not come in contact with food, it needs to be drained out first. After the condensate is removed, the condensate valve is closed and the steam is let into the cooking vessel.The cooking vessel contains a predefined amount of water with the food to be cooked. The steam is passed through the mixture, the temperature increases and the cooking starts. Also the operator needs to stir the mixture at regular intervals. In a 100 liters cooking vessel, it takes almost 15 minutes to cook around 28 kilograms of rice. Since the process involves direct injection of steam, the water used reaches the boiling quickly and the food gets cooked faster. But during cooking, after the water has reached its boiling point, a huge amount of steam goes starts to escape the vessel as the vessel has an open lid. This results into loss of a lot of heat energy which could have been used in cooking the rice quickly.When the food gets cooked, the stand of the vessel has a tilting arrangement with the help of which the operator can take out the food from the vessel. So all the valves are closed and then the vessel is tilted to take the food out. The food is not processed after that, it is collected and served directly. Page | 13 2. 4 Current Design of vessel The current design of the cooking vessel is very effective for direct steam cooking. But for the food items which cannot be cooked by steam directly, it is very difficult for the operator to cook such foods. As mentioned the current design uses a direct injection system. The steam from header is carried by the steam line to the vessel where it is regulated with the help of a ball valve.The construction of the vessel is made to facilitate cooking with the help of steam. The vessel’s bottom dish is a regular torispherical dish and it has a shell of same diameter of that of the bottom dish. There is another plate with a defined curvature above the bottom d ish with small holes in it. This plate is for passing the steam into the cooking material. When food is put into the vessel, some predefined amount of water is added with it. So during cooking process, the water gets heated initially and then the cooking starts. Due to direct injection of steam at temperature greater than 100oC, the water reaches boiling point in a short period of time. Thus the cooking process starts.The operator closes the valve when he thinks that the food is appropriately cooked. Figure 1: Previous Direct Steam Injection Cooking Vessel Page | 14 The present design has some benefits, but there is also another side to it. There are some problems with the current design which cannot be rectified without changing the design. The Advantages and Disadvantages of the present design are listed below. Advantages: 1. It facilitates faster cooking time. 2. Since less material is used in manufacture, it saves manufacturing cost. 3. The design is simple which reduces manufac turing time. 4. As it is lighter, it is easier to transport. Disadvantages: 1. There are substantial heat losses during the cooking process. 2.Since the operators cook in an open lid vessel to keep a watch on the food, lot of steam escapes the vessel resulting decreasing the efficiency of process. 3. If the condensed water in the steam line is contaminated, then there are chances of the food getting contaminated. 4. As the outer shell is not insulated, operator has to be cautious or it could lead to injuries. Page | 15 3. Steam Jacketed Cooking Vessel. 3. 1 Designing the Vessel. The design of the vessel was to be made in such a way that it is easy and economic to manufacture. The material chosen for the pilot project of Steam Jacketed Cooking Vessel was Stainless Steel of the grade 304. This material was chosen as it is not affected by steam and it also resists corrosion. The size of the vessel was chosen to be 100 liters.The dimensions of the inner vessel were taken from the existi ng direct steam injection vessel whose volume was 10 liters. Then according to the pressure calculations, the thickness of the sheet and volume of the jacket was defined. The thickness of the vessel is defined as 4mm and volume of the jacket is approximately 1 cubic m for a pressure of 3 barg inside the jacket of the vessel. The vessel is having 3 openings in the outer shell. Two of them are on the horizontal shell and one is in the bottom of the outer dish end. Out of the three openings, one is used for steam injection, one for a safety valve and the bottom one for removal of condensate.All the openings are of 1 inch diameter and will have pipes welded to it for injection of steam, safety valve and condensate removal. The vessel will have two more openings which will be used to mount the RTD and the temperature gauge to measure the temperature inside the vessel. The final drawing of the vessel is shown in FIG 1. Figure 2: Steam Jacketed Cooking Vessel. Page | 16 4. Steam Flow Diagr ams. Water is supplied to the header tank from an overhead tank. Either the overhead tank is at a greater height than that of header, or a sometimes a small pump is used to pump water into the Header. The Solar Concentrators are focused on the receivers mounted on the header pipe.The receivers are painted black to absorb maximum amount of radiation incident on it. These receivers heat the water inside the header and generate steam at higher pressure. This generated steam is vented to the Steam line and the pressure is controlled by the Pressure regulating valve. The solenoid valve SOV1 controls the steam input into the vessel. Thus the temperature inside the vessel can be controlled by controlling SOV1. As the steam is let inside, it will condense after giving its heat. For removal of this condensate, another solenoid valve has been provided SOV2. This valve will remove the condensate at regular intervals. Figure 3: Steam Flow Diagram Page | 17 5.Automation 5. 1 Instruments required . 1. Programmable Logic Controller: A programmable logic controller (PLC) or programmable controller is a digital computer used for automation of electromechanical processes, such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines, amusement rides, or light fixtures. PLCs are used in many industries and machines. Unlike general-purpose computers, the PLC is designed for multiple inputs and output arrangements, extended temperature ranges, immunity to electrical noise, and resistance to vibration and impact. Programs to control machine operation are typically stored in battery-backed-up or nonvolatile memory.A PLC is an example of a real time system since output results must be produced in response to input conditions within a limited time, otherwise unintended operation will result. 2. 2-way ON/OFF Solenoid Valve A solenoid valve is an electromechanical valve for use with liquid or gas. The valve is controlled by an electric current through a solenoid: in the case of a two-port valve the flow is switched on or off; in the case of a three-port valve, the outflow is switched between the two outlet ports. For this application, two valves will be used. One will be controlling the steam injection into the jacket. The other valve will be taking care of condensate removal from the jacket. 3. Resistance Temperature Detector.Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) are sensors used to measure temperature by correlating the resistance of the RTD element with temperature. Most RTD elements consist of a length of fine coiled wire wrapped around a ceramic or glass core. The element is usually quite fragile, so it is often placed inside a sheathed probe to protect it. The RTD element is made from a pure material whose resistance at various temperatures has been documented. The material has a predictable change in resistance as the temperature changes; it is this predictable change that is used to determine temperature. Page | 18 For this application, we will be using a PT-100 RTD with a thermowell.The RTD will be mounted inside the thermowell for its protection from the steam inside the jacket. Thermowell also enables us to change the RTD with ease in case the RTD fails. 4. Pressure Regulator: A pressure regulator is a valve that automatically cuts off the flow of a liquid or gas at a certain pressure. Regulators are used to allow high-pressure fluid supply lines or tanks to be reduced to safe and/or usable pressures for various applications. Since the header pressure is much more than needed for the application, the pressure will be reduced using a Pressure Regulator. The pressure needed for the application is 3 barg while the header can supply pressure 0-15 barg.To have a steady supply of steam and maintain the pressure and temperature, we will be using a pressure regulator. 5. Temperature Gauge with Thermowell: Temperature Gauge is a device that measures temperature or temperature gradient using a variety of different principles. A Temperature gauge has two important elements: the temperature sensor in which some physical change occurs with temperature, plus some means of converting this physical change into a numerical value. A temperature gauge mounted inside a threaded thermowell will be used. Since the temperature reading needed is of the food inside the vessel, the temperature gauge will be mounted on the side of the vessel just like the RTD. The thermowell will protect the Temperature Gauge rom steam inside the jacket of the vessel. Page | 19 5. 2 Logic Diagram: The first diagram displays the logic for controlling cooking process. With turning the device ON, it will start the procedure. According to the outcome of the decision block, it will decide and execute. Figure 4: Logic Diagram for controlling cooking procedure Page | 20 The algorithms given below control the cooking of the food by maintain a specific temperature bracket inside the vessel.  ±3oC range is provided so that the solenoid valves won’t switch ON /OFF at particular temperature which could result in damage. The second logic is for the condensate valve SOV2 which will be ON/OFF at regular intervals.Figure 5: Logic Diagram for controlling cooking and Condensate Valve Page | 21 5. 3 Programming Most of the Programmable Logic Controllers use a different programming language. The language used by them is called Ladder Logic. Ladder logic is a programming language that represents a program by a graphical diagram based on the circuit diagrams of relay logic hardware. It is primarily used to develop software for programmable logic controllers (PLCs) used in industrial control applications. The name is based on the observation that programs in this language resemble ladders, with two vertical rails and a series of horizontal rungs between them.The previously shown logic will be made in Ladder Logic. It will then be downloaded into the flash memory of the Programmable Logic Controller. The PLC will execute the logic and accordingly it will monitor and process the parameters involved. In this project, the opening and closing of both valves and will be monitoring the temperature during the process. The program is made on proprietary software which is supplied by the vendor of the PLC. Every PLC make has specific software which is used to build the program and download the program into the PLC. It can also be used to change the process parameters in online mode. The software also provides offline simulation of the process.For data logging purposes, usually different software is used. The Ladder Logic for the project is under construction and will be finished by the time procurement of all the instruments is done. The parameters which need to be used in the logic will be found out during the processing of the procurement of instruments. During the period of procurement, the manufacturing of the vessel and designing the ladder logic will be done. Page | 22 6. Completed Work and Implementation: From the start, the proj ect has been progressed according to the timeline. Now, all the instruments and material needed for the project has been indented and is in process. Some of the instruments have been dispatched.But for procuring the entire indent, it is going to take some more time. Meanwhile, since the Logic is available, the ladder program is being made and is approaching completion. Also, the manufacturing of vessel is in process and the vessel will be ready by the end of next week. After program is completed, some more time will be given to test it in offline mode and debug the program is any bugs are found. After all the materials are processed and the final values for the process parameters are found out, the project will enter the implementation and testing phase. The entire infrastructure needed for the cooking vessel and the instruments will be constructed on the site.For different types of foods, the values initially found out of temperature and time will be used. If the parameters are not off by some amount, they will be rectified and the control will be made as efficient as possible. During the implementation, various temperature and time readings will be taken. For every type of food item, a detailed sheet should be made which will have all the parameters. According to the observed readings, new and better parameters will be decided which should reduce the cooking time and also increase the efficiency. Page | 23 References: The Scheffler – reflector http://www. solare-bruecke. org/ www. en. wikipedia. com http://www. spiraxsarco. com/resources/resources. asp www. mnre. gov. in Page | 24